适用学科 适用区域
初中英语语法总复习
初中英语 适用年级 江苏,通用 课时时长(分钟) 知识点
初中英语所有语法知识点
初中三年级
学习目标 掌握初中英语所有语法知识点
学习重点 词法和句法 学习难点
词法和句法
第一局部:词法
中考专题一:名词
中考专题二:冠词的用法 中考专题三:代词
中考专题四:数词 中考专题五:介词 中考专题六:连词
中考专题七:形容词副词 中考专题八:动词时态 中考专题九:被动语态中考专题十一:非谓语动词
第二局部:句法
中考专题十二:主谓一致 中考专题十三:倒装句 中考专题十四:感慨句
中考专题十五:反意疑问句 中考专题十六:状语从句 中考专题十七:宾语从句 中考专题十八:定语从句
第一局部:词法
中考考点一、名词
一、名词的复数:
1 .名词变复数的规那么形式
1) .一般情况下直接加 s book --------------- books cup——cups
2) .以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y为i再加es . city ------ cities family——families 3) .以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾白加 es .
中考专题十:情态动词 bus——buses wish ------ wishes watch --------------- wathes 4) .以o结尾的多数加 S初中阶段只有三个单词加 es .
tomato——tomatoes potato ------ potatoes hero——heroes 5) .以f、fe结尾的,先把 f、fe变v再加es . leaf----leaves self-selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves
2 .少数名词的复数形式是不规那么的.
man men deer---deer
woman---women
child --- children foot ---------- feet tooth teeth
mouse---mice
3 .单数和复数形式相同.
fish fish sheep sheep Chinese Chinese Japanese---Japanese
4 .某国人的复数.
1) .中、日不变. Chinese----Chinese Japanese-Japanese 2) .英、法变. Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen
3) . 其余 s 加后面. American ——Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians
二、不可数名词:
1 .不可数名词:
1) .不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加a或an 3).没有复数形式 4).可用 some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰 5).可用\"量词短语〞表示
2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法:
a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk
a /数字+量词+ of +不可数名词
三、名词的所有格:
1. s所有格.
1) .用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,这时只在最后一个名词后加“ ‘s.〞 This is(Mary and Lily) bedroom .
2) . 1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时,这时分别在每个名词后加“ 's.〞 These are(Tom and Jack ) school bags .
3) .以s结尾白勺名词,变所有格时在 s后加〞,不以s结尾的复数名词,仍加“ ‘s\" Teachers’ Day Children ’ s Day
4) .表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加 ’s代表全称.
at the doctor 's at the Bob's
5) .由 some、 any、 no、 every 与 one、 body 结合的复合不定代词 something 、 anything 等和 else 连用时, 而有格应加在else的后面.
This is(somebody else ) pencil . 6) .表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加 an hour's ride two weeks 'time China's capital
’s来构成所有格.
2.of所有格:
1) .of用来表示无生命的名词所有格. the map of China the door of the room 2) .双重所有格:
of +名词所有格 of +名词性的物主代词 He is a friend of my(brother ). Is she a daughter of(you)?
四、名词作句子成分:
1 .名词作主语
1) .表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数. Two hours _______ (be) enough for us to get there .
2) .量词短语“数字+量词+ of +…〞作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致. A pair of shoes ______ (be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper(be) on the desk .
3) .名词+介词(with、except > along with .......... :) +名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致. The teacher with the students ________ (be) planting trees on the hill .
4) .短语“neither - nor-either ♦♦ or…、not only - but also…'连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原那么. Neither he nor I(be) a Frenchman .
2 .名词作定语:
1) .名词作定语时,一般用单数形式.
There is a shoe factory near the school . 2) .名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式. (sport ) The sports meeting will be held next week . 3) .man、woman作定语表示性别时,
man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变.
one man teacher two women teachers
冠词的用法
中考考点二:
考查重点
冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词
a和an的用法,定冠词the的用法和零冠词的用法等.
一.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a和an两种形式,a用于辅音〔不是辅音字母〕开头的词前,an用于元音〔不是元音字母〕开头的 词前. 例如:a boy, a university, a European country; an hour, an honor, an island, an elephant, an umbrella, an honest man ,a useful book
不看字母看读音,不见原因〔元音〕别施恩〔n〕
二.不定冠词的用法
1 .泛指某一类人、事或物;相当于 any,这是不定冠词a/an的根本用法.
A horse is an animal
2 .泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物.
A girl is waiting for you.
3 .表示数量,有“一〞的意思,但数的概念没有
I have a computer.
one强烈.
4 .表示“每一〞,相当于every.
I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天课.
5 .用在序数词前,表示“又一〞,“再一〞.
I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
6 .用在某些固定词组中:
a lot〔of〕, after a while ,a few ,a little ,at a time ,have a swim ,have a cold ,in a hurry ,for a long time,have a good time ,have a look
三.定冠词的用法
1 .特指某〔些〕人或某〔些〕物,这是定冠词的根本用法.
The book on the desk is mine
2 .指谈话双方都知道的人或事物.
Open the window, please.
3 .指上文已经提到的人或事物.
I have a car. The car is red.
4 .指世界上独一无二的事物.
Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?
5 .用在序数词,形容词最高级前.
The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.
6 .用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.
the Great Wall 长城,the United States 美国
7 .用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人. the poor 穷人,the blind 盲人
8用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人〞或“夫妻俩〞.
the Greens格林一家或格林夫妻俩
9 .用在方位词前.
on the left 在左边,in the middle of 在中间
10 .用在乐器名称前.
She plays the piano every day.
11 .用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前.
the Black Sea 黑海,the Yangzi River 长江
12 .用在某些固定词组中:
all the same 仍然;all the time ——直;at the moment 此亥U; at the same time 同时;by the way 顺便说; do the shopping/washing 买东西/ 洗衣月艮;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户 外,在野外
四.零冠词的用法
1 .棋类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词
Play chess play football have supper
特例:当football , basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词: I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球. Where' s
the football ?那只足球在哪儿?〔指足球,并非\"球类运动\"
〕
2 .季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词.
In July in summer on Monday on Teachers' Day
3 .人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词
Beijing is the capital of China
4 .学科,语言,称呼,职务名词前不用冠词
Math is hard to learn
5 .复数名词表示类别时不加冠词
They are workers
I like eating apples
6 .名词前已有物主代词〔my, your, his, her等〕、指示代词〔this/these , that/those〕、不定代词 〔some, any等〕及所有格限制时,不用冠词
my book〔正〕;my the book〔误〕
7 .在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前.
No.25 Middle School
五.用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital 住院 /in the hospital 在医院里
in front of在…〔外部的〕前面 /in the front of 在…〔内部的〕前面 at table进餐 /at the table在桌子旁 by sea乘船 /by the sea 在海边
go to school〔church…〕上学〔做礼手聿…〕 /go to the school〔church…〕到学校〔教堂…〕去 two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人〔共计两人〕 next year 明年 /the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家〔一个人〕 /a teacher and a writer 一位教师和一位作家 〔两个人〕
中考专题三:代词
・人称代词: 单数 复数 宾格 me you it/her/him 主格 we you they 宾格 us you them 第人称 [ 第二人称 第三人称 主格 I you it/she/he 1 .主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语. He teaches〔we〕 Chinese .
2 .三种人称代词并列时,顺序为: 单数二,三,一 〔You, she and I 〕 复数:一,二,三 〔we , you and they 〕 注:假设把责任担,第一人称最领先,〔即假设做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.〕 She and I have been to Beijing .
Who broke the window ? I and Mike . 注:it还有一些特别的用法. 1〕用作形式主语,常用于
It's +adj +to do sth 〞句型中.
2〕用在句型:佗seems that…〞中.
3〕用在句型:It's one's turn to do sth 〞中. 4〕用在句型:It's time to do sth / for sth 〞中. 5〕用在句型:It's+adj +that从句〞中.
6〕用作形式宾语,用来代替动词不定式.make /think /feel/find + it + adj 〔名词〕+ to do sth . 二.物主代词.
A人称 单数 形容词性 my 复数 our 第二人称 单数 复数 your your 第三人称 单数 复数 its/his/her its/his/hers of连用.
their theirs 名词性 mine ours yours yours 1.形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前,不能单独使用. 2.名词性的物主代词,后面不能加名词.名词性的物主代词常与 Our classroom is as big as(they). This is a friend of(my).
注:1〕名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词 〔名词性的物主代词 =形容词性的物主代词 +名词〕
2〕形容词性的物主代词与 own连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词 My own house = a house of my own 三.反身代词 单数 myself 第人称 第二人称 第三人称 yourself himself/herself/itself .
复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 记忆小窍门 反 身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f替. 反身代词的常用搭配:
enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself = learn- by oneslf all by oneself help oneself to … look after oneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself in
say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself in the mirror 四.指示代词 1 .近指:this these 远指:that those 2 .用法:
1)that those常用来代替前面出现的人或物 代替复数名词.
The weather in Guangdong is hotter than in Qinghai . The books in that shop are cheaper than in this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those
2)this ,that可代替句子或句子的一个局部
,以防止重复.That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词
.Those
,that代替前面提到的句子而 this代替下面提到的句子.
He had a bad cold ,that is why he didn 't come . 3)在 用语中,this代替自己,而that代替对方. This is Tom speaking . Who is that ? 五.不定代词的区别. 1.one与it的区别
One代替同类事物中的一种.而it代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I borrow it ? 2.some与any的区别
一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否认凝问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用some代any.常 用于 could / would / May 开头或 what about /how about •••.的句中. May I have some water ?
He asked me for some paper , but I didn 't have any . 3 .many与 much的区别 Many+可数名词的复数
Much+不可数名词
都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词
注:a lot of不能用于否认句中.否认句中用 many /much . 4 .a few /few /a little /little 的区别
表否认〔几乎没有〕 修饰可数名词 修饰小RJ数名词 few little 表肯定〔有一点/几个〕 a few a little The story is easy to read . there are new
words in it .
Hurry up ! There is time left . 5 .each / every 的区另1J
each表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个 .而every表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个 There are trees and flowers on side of the street . student has read a story .
注:each可以与of连用,each of作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而every不能与of连用.只能放在名词前作定语 Each of us〔study 〕hard . 6 .no one 与 none 的区别
no one表示没有人,不能与of连用.而none of +复数名词/代词,作主语时,谓语常用单数. The boys were all tired , but of them stopped to have a rest .
1
7 .both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区另J
都 两假设之间 三者或二者以上 both all 都不 neither none 任何一个 either any There are many
trees on side of
the river . A.
both B.any C.either D.all
注:1). both的否认词是 neither , all的否认词是 none.
2) .both of作主语时,谓语动词用复数. neither of作主语时,谓语动词用单数. Neither of the answers(be) right . Both of my parents(be) workers. 3) .词组
A) both - and •・连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数.同义词组:not only - but also… 反义词组:neither nor…
Not only you but also she likes watching TV.=you she like watching TV .= You like watching TV , _________ she .
B) either - or •••或者・…或者 .... ,neither ♦♦ nor…既不 也不 ...... 连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原那么 Neither you nor he(be ) right .
One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. =Lily Lucy going to the park. C) either也可用于否认句中的 也〞
D) neither也可表示 \"也不\"句型:neither…sb 某人也不怎么样. If you don't go there ,I .(我也不去)
4) how many /how much 的答复:用 none 答复.
Who的答复:用no one答复. What的答复:用nothing 答复.
How many students are there in the classroom ?.Who can answer the question ? A. None B.No one C.Nothing
8.other /the other /others /the others/another 的区别
〔空〕后面没有名词 有数量限制〔特指〕 没有数量限制〔泛指〕 〔空〕后面有名词 the others others the other other 注:1〕 one -
the other …表示两 者之间的一 个••…另一个…… 2〕 some … others… 表示 一 些…… 一 些……
3〕 another表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个 .只能修饰可数名词的单数 但another +数字+复数名词=数字+ more +复数名词 表示 “另外几个♦ Would you like apple ?
I have two brothers , one is a teacher ,is a worker .
Some are cleaning the classroom ,are sweeping the window .
There are 20 teachers in our school . Eight of them are men teachers ,and are women teachers everyone every one 每个,人人,大家 每个人、物 不与of连用 可与of连用 Everyone should do their best .
Every one of us has seen the film . 10.复合不定代词.
some thing one body any anything anyone anybody no nothing no one nobody every everything everyone everybody 注:1.复合不 定代词作主语 时,谓语动词 用单数. 2.形容词 修饰不定代词 时,形容词放
something someone …邮 somebody 在不定代词之后.
3 .动词不定式修饰不定代词时,动词不定式放在不定代词之后 ^ 4 .复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中 ,
1〕指人的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用 he或they .
2〕指物的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用 it .
5 .any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 任何 …・•/・任何物/任何人〞 Everything〔begin 〕 to grow in spring ,?
Is there〔——些有趣的事 〕in today's newpaper ? I want something〔eat 〕.
中考专题四:数词
基数词:表示人或事物数量多少的词 . 序数词:表示人或事物的顺序的词. 一.基数词.
1.基数词的读法.
1)1---12 : one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve
2)13---19: 词尾力口 -teen :thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 3)20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90 :逢十词尾加-ty :twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety 4)21----99:在十位与个位之间加连字符构成 .
21--- twenty-one 99---ninety-nine 5)101---999 :先说几百,再加and,再加末尾两位数或个位数 . 101---one hundred and one 238----two hundred and thirty-eight
6)1000以上的数:先将数字从右往左数 ,每三位数用一个逗号隔开 ,从右往左第一个逗号表示 thousand 第二个逗号表示 百万\"读million 第三个逗号表示 千亿\"读billion
18,657,421---eighteen million ,six hundred and fifty-seven thousand ,four hundred and twenty-one. 二.序数词 基数词变序数词
口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾要加th . 一二三,特殊记,词尾分别tdd(first second third )
八去t ,九去e,ve要用f替.ty变作tie,再加th莫忘记. 假设遇几十几,只变个位就可以.
三.数词的应用. 1 .表编号.
结构:名词(首字母要大写)+基数词=the +序数词+名词 Lesson One = the first lesson
注:有些编号,一般仅用第一种表达法. Room 101 101 号房间
2 .序数词前一般加定冠词 the但序数词前与不定冠词 a /an连用时,表示 “又一,再一〞 You ' ve done it three times .Why not try fourth time ? A.a B.an C.the D./
3 .数词前加every ,表示每 .... /每隔 ...... .. every ten days =every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天) 注:every +基数词+复数名词=every + ( 序数词-1) +单数名词 4 .基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄 1)表示年代:in the + 年份的复数
在几世纪几十年代. 在十九世纪七十年代..
2)表年龄:in one ' s +整十的复数
表示在某人几十岁时
在他四十岁时:.
5 .hundred / thousand /million /billion
1) .假设hundred / thousand /million /billion 前有基数词时,其后不加 s,也不加 of.假设没有时,既加s 也要带of ..
Every year visitors come to China . There are two students in our school .
A.thousand B.thousands C.thousands of D.thousand of
2) .假设其前有a few、many、several修饰时,通常用复数,后接 of. 3) .假设名词前有the修饰时,用单数,后接 of
Two the students in our school are from the countryside . A.hundred B. hundred of C.hundreds of D.hundreds 6 .几个半的表达法:
基数词+ and + a half + 名词复数=基数词+名词(单数/复数)+and +a half two and a half hours = two hours and a half 7 .时刻表达法: 1)整点:基数词+ o'clock 2)几点几分:
千〞读
A) .直接读法:先读小时,后读分钟 3:25 ---- three twenty-five
B) .间接读法:
a) < 30分钟.分钟+ past + 小时 3 : 25 ----twenty-five past three
b) > 30分钟.(60- 分钟)+ to + ( 小时数+1) 3:55 ——five to four
c) 30 分钟=half 15 分钟=a quarter 45 分钟=three quarters
3:30 ---half past three 3:15----a quarter past three 3:45 ----a quarter to four 8.日期表达法:
结构:1).月 日,年(日用序数词,年用基数词)
注:年份的读法:先读前两位数,再读后两位数.读日时要加the. 1900---nineteen hundred 1807----eighteen and seven 2021---two thousand eight
2007 年 3 月 21 日.--- March the twenty-first ,two thousand and seven. 2).日月年(the + 序数词+of +月,年)
2007 年 3 月 21 日---the twenty-first of March ,two thousand and seven. 9.分数词的表达法:
1) .结构:a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词.
b). 当分子大于1时,分母加复数. 3/4--- three fourths (three-fourths) 2) .注意:
a) .分数词的几种特殊形式. 1/3 —one third = a third 1/4 —one fourth = a quarter 1/2 —one second = a half
3/4 —three fourths = three quarters
b) .分数词作主语时,谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定 Two fifths of the milk(be ) drunk by Tom . One third of the students(be )girls .
.
中考专题五:介词
一.介词 at/ in /on .
1 .表水时间:
1) .表示某一具体时间点,某一时刻 /年龄,一日三餐,一些固定搭配 at six o 'clock at the age of at breakfast/lunch/supper
at noon at that time at the moment at night
2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时) in the morning/afternoon /evening in spring /in 2007/in March in the twenty-first century in his fifties
3)on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后 有修饰语时.
On Monday on New Year's Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night on the evening of April 1 st ,2007
2表地点:
1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置 at the station at the cinema
2)in表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里 in China in the classroom 3)on指在某物体的外表上. on the desk 注意:
.
写街道时,假设有门牌号用at ,否那么用on / in都可.
He lives at 270 Chang'an Street.
二.介词in /on / to 表方位:
1.1 n表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) Tanwan is the southeast of China . 2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系) Hubei is the north of Hunan .
3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) Japan is the east of China .
三.between / among 在 ..... 之间
1 .between :指两者之间.在 .•之间.
2 .among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间 .在•…•之中. You sit him and me .
The song is popular the students.
四.after / in在•…・之后
1. after
1)after +时间段.表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后 2)after 作介词.after doing sth
2.in +一段时间.表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后 He came back two days .
He will go home___finishing his homework . He will come back ____ two days .
,用于过去时.
.用于将来时
五.with / in / by 表示 用 ...... 〞
1.with表示
用…〞一般指有形的工具 /手段/人体器官.
He cut the apple into halves ___ a knife. 注:with表伴随,带有,含有〞
He came in ____ a big smile on his face.
2.1 n表示用某种语言,方式,途径.或书写/绘画所用的材料.也可表交通方式 Can you say it English?
He wrote a letter ___ blue ink.
3.by表示乘坐交通工具,表示方式,方法 I study for a test ___ working with a group. He makes a living __ selling newspapers. 注意:同义词组
1) .by phone = on the phone 2) .by car = in a car
3) .in pen = with a pen = with pens
六.across / through / over / by 经过
1 .across指横穿,穿过.表示动作从某一物体外表上经过 2 .through指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过 . 3 .over表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过 4.by表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.
^
,不与外表接触.
Can you swim the river ?
the elephant is so big that it can 't go the gate . I don't think anyone can jump the fence. I walked the bank of China yesterday .
七.in front of / in the front of
1.1 n the front of 表示在 ... .•内部的前面 2.in front of 表示在 .... 外面的前面
There is a desk in front of our classroom .
There is a big tree in ____ front of our classroom.
八.其它介词的用法丁
1 .at的其它用法.
1) .表示从事或正在做某事〞,其后加的名词往往不加冠词 She is at work now = She is working now . 2)at表示价格或速度〞
The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .
2.in的其它用法:
1)in表示在••…方面〞
词组:do well in = be good at be weak in 2)in表示穿着〞后接表颜色的词或衣服. 词组:be in +衣服 =be wearing +衣服 3)in作副词,在家〞=at home
3.like的用法:
1) .像/和••…一样.常与系动词连用. 词组:look like sound like
2) .与what连用,是什么样子,怎样〞. What is he like? He is kind.
4.off的用法:
1) .从••…下来,脱离某物体. 词组:fall off
2) .休假〞通常放在时间名词之后. 词组:have +时间+ off
He hasn't had a night off for two hours .
5.except / besides
1) .except除了 ••….・之外,都・・…:.不包括在范围之内. 注:nothing but • ••除了 ・…之外,什么也没有. 2) .besdies除了 . 之外,还有 .... 包括在范围之内. We all went swimming Lucy . There is a letter in the box.
We study Japanese and French English .
6.with / without
1) .with具有,含有——反义词:without没有
词组:with the help of = with one 's help =because of = thanks to
without one 's help 2) .without 的用法:
A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物 B) .without + doing sth .
He left here without(say ) Goodbye 〞to us C) . without sth常与if引导的否认的条件句.
If there is no water , we can 't live .= We can't live.
7.on the tree /in the tree
on the tree表示 树上本身长的东西〞在机.而in the tree表示 There are some apples the tree . There is a boy the tree.
8.since / for
注:since / for用于现在完成时.
1) .since :
a) .since +时间点
b) .现在完成时+ since +一般过去时
c) .since +一段日^间 + ago.
2)for: for + 一段时间=since + 一段时间 + ago
9.be made +介词的区别:
be made of由••制成(看得见原材料) be made from由••制成(看不见原材料) be made in +地点 由哪儿生产 be made by sb.由某人制造
外界的物体进入树中“人或物在树上
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