三级语法讲解 重点语法：1. 主谓一致 2. 时态(现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、完成时进行时) 3.情态动词的完成时 4. 虚拟语气 5. 定语从句 6. 强调句 7.倒装句 8. 非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词-独立主格结构) 9. 状语从句
10、名词性从句（同位语从句）11. the more…the more… 12.
倍数表示法 13. as 的转折用法 主谓一致
1. There be 结构中，be动词与最邻近的名词一致---就近原则
e.g. There _____(be) a teacher and 50 students in the classroom.
There ___(be) 50 students
and a teacher in the classroom. 2.either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also… 连接主语,谓语动词与离它最近的名词保持一致---就近原则 Either you or he is right.
Neither he nor you are right. Not only you but also I am a vocational school teacher. 3. with, together with, along with, as well as(和), but, except（除…以外）,
besides, in addition to（除…以外，还有）, rather than(而不是) ，谓语动词和最前面的主语一致---就远原则, 这些词语连接的结构是插入语，谓语动词与它无关。
e.g. His parents as well as his wife ___(invite) to the party yesterday. (05.12) Dr. Richard, together with his wife and three children, ___(be) to arrive in Beijing this
afternoon.
4. many a , more than one (不止一个) 做主语，谓语动词用单三形式
Many a college student wishes (wish) to get a good result in the exam.
5．两个单数名词前都有定冠词时，谓动用复数，如The A and the B; 只有一个定冠词时， 谓动用单三形式，如The A and B， 表示A and B 是同一个人，
具有两个身份。
e.g. The headmaster and the teacher are here.
The headmaster and teacher is here.
(02年6月四级真题) The owner and editor of the newspaper ___ the conference.
A. were attending B. were to attend C. is to attend D. are to attend
6. a number of(许多) 接名
词---谓语动词用复数
the number of（…的数量）接名词 ---谓语动词用单数
e.g. A number of students are watching TV.
The number of students in our class is 54.
7. 集体名词做主语，谓语动词的数取决于它的含义，强调整体时用单数，当强调集体中的各个成员时，用复数。
e.g. The family is the basic
unit of our society.
The family have agreed to lend Tom some money. 8. 动名词，动词不定式，句子做主语，谓语动词用单数
e.g. Studying English is important.
9. the+adj. 指人用复数，如the poor, the unemployed， 指物用单数 e.g.The young are the hope of the world.
The beautiful is loved by
everyone.
10. 中心词为表示时间，金钱，距离等名词时，谓语动词用单数
e. g. Ten dollars is enough. Three kilometers is a long distance.
常考题型：
1. Reading many books___ like talking with your best friends.
A. are B. were C. is D. does
2. Not only Tom but also his parents ______ to attend our party.
A) has invited B) have been invited C) have invited D) has been invited
3. Neither Jack nor I _____ how to do the thing.
A) knows B) know C) known D) knowing 4. In addition to John and Mary, their father ____ visit you next week.
A. is going to B. are going to C. shall D. are to
5. Many a boy (learn)____ to swim before he can read and write.
6.The manager, as well as his advisers, ____ to attend the world fair.
A. are agreed B. were agreed C. have agreed D. has agreed
7. The girl, together with her parents, _____ Peking
twice.
A) has been to B) have been to C) has gone to D) have gone to
the more…the 就越…
more 越…
1.（06.6）The harder I tried, _____ it seemed to solve that math problem.
A. the impossible B. most impossible C. the most impossible D. the more impossible
2.（06.6）The more challenging the journey is, the _______(happy) the young people will feel.
3. There is a well-known proverb: “The more haste(急速，匆忙), the
___(little) speed.”
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句(重点)
1.名词性从句应用主谓格式，注意人称和时态的变化，时态和主句一致，客观真理除外
e.g. Where is the bank?
He asked where the bank was.
He said the earth turns round the sun.
2. 同位语从句
一般跟在名词fact, idea, plan, suggestion, news, evidence 等后面，说明名词的具体内容，由that引导, that不可省略
(06.6) What do you think of his suggestion____ we all attend the meeting?
A. which B. whether C. that D. what
(05.12) We were all excited at the news ____ our annual sales had more than
doubled.
A. which B. that C. it D. what
倍数的表示法
倍数+ as形/副 as—刚好几倍
倍数+ 形/副比较级than----超过几倍
e.g. 1. My luggage is three times as heavy as yours. 2. Last year Mike earned __ __ his brother, though his brother has a higher
position.
A. twice as many B. twice as many as C. twice more than D. twice as more as
as 的转折用法 Young as he is
e.g. Young __ he is, he has proved to be an able salesman.
A. that B. who C. as D. which
强调句
结构：it is/was+ 被强调部分(主、宾、状) + that (who/whom) +其它部分 e.g. I read the newspaper in the classroom last night. (1)It was I who read the newspaper in the classroom last night.
(2) It was the newspaper that I read in the classroom last night.
(3) It was in the classroom that I read the newspaper
last night.
(4) It was last night that I read the newspaper in the classroom. 常考题型：1. It was not until yesterday evening _____ the manager made his decision. A. when B. as C. that D. so
2. It was because he was ill ____ he didn‘t come to the party.
A. why B. that C. so D. as
3. It was in the street _____ I met him yesterday.
A) which B) that C) where D) who
时态、语态
一. 回顾八种基本时态 二. 常考时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成时进行时 三. 现在完成时标志性词语：ever, never, already, yet, before（以前）, recently, since, for…, so far（到目前
为止）, up to now（到现在为止）等
四. 常考时态试题
1. 主将从现—在条件句和时间状语从句中，如if, unless, as soon as, when , after, until 引导的句子。 e.g. I will come to see you tomorrow if I ____(be) free.
2. since 前面的主句用现在完成时，since引导的从句用过去时
e.g. We have learned
English for 8 years since we went to school.
We have known each other since we were boys.
3. it is the first time ---后面句子用现在完成时
It was the first time----后面用过去完成时
e.g. It is the first time I’ve seen you.
4. it is + 形容词最高级，后面用现在完成时
e.g. It is the best film I’ve ever seen.
5.in the past /last few years,后面用现在完成时
e.g. In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research on the brain.
6. no sooner …than…; hardly… when…(刚一…就…) 前面用过去完成时， 后面用过去式
e.g. No sooner had we come into the classroom than the bell rang.
7. by到…为止， 接现在时
间用现在完成时，接过去时间用过去完成时，接将来时间用将来完成时，接一般现在时的句子也用将来完成时
e.g.（20002.6） 1.The students will have finished their papers by the end of this month.
2. We hoped that by the end of the year we ___ the job. A. had finished B. finished C. would have finished D. will finish
3. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we __ (stay) here for two days.
4. By the end of last term we had studied 4000 English words.
8. 现在完成时的进行时， have/has been doing 一直在做某事
I have been waiting for you all the morning. 时态练习：
1. They will not start the project until the board
chairman ____ back from South America.
A. will come B. is coming C. came D. comes
2. In our country great changes ____ since the new manager came.
A. took place B. take place C. will have taken place D. have taken place 3. For years, doctors ____ millions of patients’ lives with the help of microscopes.
A. have saved B. are saving C. will save D. were saving
4. No one can deny that we —(make) tremendous progress in the past twenty years.
5.By the end of next month, we ___(find) a good solution to the technical problem.
6. Ever since I arrived here, I ____ in the dormitory because it is cheaper.
A. lived B. was living C. had been living D. have been living
7. He ___ in the company since he graduated from Andong Technical College ten years ago.
A. worked B. has been working C. had worked D. was working
8. By the end of this year the factory___ (produce) 20,000 cell phones.
9. Though he ____ well
prepared before the job interview, he failed to answer some important questions.
A. will be B. would be C. has been D. had been 10. By the end of last year, nearly a million cars ____(produce) in that auto factory.
11. By the time you get to Shanghai, I ____ for Chongqing.
A. am leaving B. will
leave C. shall have left D. had left
定语从句
用来修饰某个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，连接词叫关系代词或关系副词。
e.g. The girl who sits by the window is Lily.
The book which I am reading is an English book. 关系代词：that ,which, who,
whom, whose
关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词的用法：
人、物 主语、宾语、定语 that 人、物 主语、宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 who 人 主语 whom 人 宾语 whose 人、物 定语
不能用that的情况： 1.非限制性定语从句（用逗号与主句隔开）不能用that e.g. I have a brother, who is an engineer.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.
2.关系代词前有介词，不能用that，指人只能用whom，指物只能用which
This is the house which（that） I lived in.
This is the house in which I lived .
只能用that的情况：
1. 先行词是不定代词，如all, something、anything、nothing, little 、few等时，
只能用that
e.g. You should hand in all that you have.
2. 先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that
e.g. He is the first person that I love.
3. 先行词里既有人又有物时，只能用that
e.g. Do you know the things and the persons that they are talking about? whose的用法:
既能指人又能指物，在定语从句中做定语,表示”…的” e.g. The boy whose parents are teachers is Li Ming.
The building whose roof is red is our teaching building. as, which的用法：
as, which指代整个句子，as放在句首，“正如，就像”， which常放句中
e.g. As you know, he is a good student.
They won the game, which surprised us a lot.
注意固定搭配：the same… as, such…as
when ,where, why 的用法：
when ,where, why在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语或原因状语
e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the Party. This is the place where I once lived.
比较以下句子：
1. This is the place ___ I once lived in.
2. This is the place in ___ I once lived.
3. This is the place___ I once lived.
He didn’t know the reason why she was absent. 常考题型：
(1) China has thousands of islands, _____ is Taiwan. A. the largest of that B. largest of which
C. the largest which D. the largest of which
(2) Our department has a
large collection of books, ____ are in English.
A. many of which B. many of them C. many ones D. their many
(3) I have many friends, some of ___ are from Guangdong.
(4) Mr. Green, ___ life was once very hard, is now successful in his business. A. of him, B. whose C. his D. by whom
(08.6) I tried to get out of
the business ___ I found impossible to carry on. (07.6) Once more I have to leave Beijing, ___ I have been living for eight years. A. that B. where C. which D. as
(05.6) This book is designed for the learners___ native languages are not English. A. whose B. which C. who D. what
(04.6) The hotel ___ during the vacation was rather
poorly managed.
A. as I stayed B. where I stayed C. which I stayed D. what I stayed
情态动词的完成时： 表示对过去的判断和推测
can/ could have done “过去本来能…”； 否定表示“过去不可能…”
e.g. He can’t have studied Japanese because he can’t
say a word.
may/ might have done “过去可能…”；否定表示“过去可能没…”
e.g. She may/might have lost her way. You know, it was her first time to get there.
must have done 表示“过去一定…”,用于肯定句中。 e.g. The old soldier must have suffered a lot during the Second World War. needn’t have done ， 只用
于否定句，表示“过去没有必要…”
should/ ought to have done表示“ 过去本该…”; 否定结构表示“过去不该做…”，表责备语气.
e.g. 1. Tom ___ the party as no one saw him there yesterday evening.
A. can’t attend B. mustn’t attend C. won’t have attended D. couldn’t have attended
2. John’s score on the test is
the highest in the class; he___ last night.
A. should study B should have studied C. must have studied D. must have to study
3. The room is in a terrible mess; it ___ cleaned. A. can’t have been B. shouldn’t have been C. mustn’t have been D. wouldn’t have been
4. Nobody knows how people first came to these
islands. They ___ from South America on rafts.
A. must have sailed B. can sail C. might have sailed D. should have sailed
5. This ATM has been out of service for a few days. It should__ last week.
A. fix B. be fixed C. have fixed D. have been fixed
6. You ___ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.
A. needn’t go B. had better not go C. should not go D. needn’t have gone 7. We __ the letter yesterday, but it didn’t arrive.
A. must receive B. ought to receive C. must have received D. ought to have received
The Subjunctive Mood (虚拟语气)
1. It’s (about /high) time + 句子， 表示“是…的时候
了”， 谓语动词用过去式. e.g.(1) It’s about time we left (leave). (2) It’s time you ___ (tell ) me the truth.
（3） It’s time you ___(get) up.
2. would rather/ sooner 接句子– 谓语动词用过去式 e.g. I would rather you went home now.
I would rather you painted (paint) it blue
区分would rather do than
do和would rather+句子 I would rather stay at home than go out.
I would rather I stayed at home.
3. I wish/ if only 说明现在用过去式，说明现在正在进行用过去进行时；说明过去用过去完成时或情态动词+完成时；说明将来用过去将来时。 虚拟语气be 动词过去式是were e.g. I wish I were as young as you.
I wish I had passed the last exam.
I wish that you would come tomorrow.
I wish I were watching TV. If only I had taken your advice at that time.
4. as if/ as though 似乎，好像，表虚拟时， 时态推理类似I wish/ if only
e.g. This American expert speaks Chinese very well as if he ____ a Chinese.
A. is B. was C. were
D. has been
5. if 引导的三种情况
条件句 主句
与现在事实相反 过去式 （be动词用were） would/ should / could/might + 动词原形 与过去事实相反 过去完成时 would/ should / could/might +have+过去分词
与将来事实相反 should(were to )+动词原形 would/ should / could/might + 动词原形
e.g. (1) If he were (be) here now, he would help (help) you.
(2) If you had studied hard, you would/ could have passed the last exam. (3) If it should (were to) rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. 另外，without（如果没有）, but for（如果不是因为…）, otherwise（否则）， 主句
多用would/ should/ could/ might + have done
e.g. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 6. 动词suggest, advise, propose, recommend demand, desire, require, request, command, order, insist 等以及相应名词或形容词后接从句， 谓语动词用(should) +动词原形 e.g. I suggest he （should） study hard.
He ordered that the
soldier fire.
I propose a plan should be made. (make) It is desired that this rule should be obeyed by everyone working here. Our teacher required that we not watch TV except Sunday.
7. It is + 某些形容词（important, necessary, essential, strange, natural）等后接句子， 用(should) +动词原形
e.g. It is necessary that you should have a rest.
8. lest 或for fear that（以防） 后接句子用(should) +动词原形
Take an umbrella with you for fear that it should rain.
Exercises:
(08.6) The young man did not have enough money; otherwise he (buy) ____ a more expensive watch. (07.12) It is strongly
recommended that teachers ___ (use) computers to assist in their classroom teaching.
(07.6) It is high time that the manager (pay)_____ more attention to the services for the customers.
非谓语动词
动词不定式，to do ,not to do , to be done , to be doing, to have done (1)做主语
To talk with him is a
pleasure.
动词不定式做主语，常用it 做形式主语
It is a pleasure to talk with him. (2)做宾语
能带不定式作宾语的动词有want, wish, hope, plan, attempt, decide, refuse, pretend等
区分forget to do(忘记要去做某事), forget doing（忘记做过某事）；remember to do(记得要去做某事),
remember doing（记得做过某事）; regret to do(感到遗憾要去做某事), regret doing（后悔做过某事）; mean to do (打算做…), mean doing（意味着…）。 e.g.1. I don’t regret ___ her what I thought about her proposal, even if it upset her.
A. tell B. to tell C. told D. telling
2. I remember ____ (see) you somewhere before, but I
can’t tell the exact place. 3. It cost her a lot of money, but she doesn’t regret___ a year traveling around the world.
A. to have spent B. to spend C. spent D. spending
4. In some parts of this city, missing a bus means ___(wait) for another hour. (3)做宾补，能带动词不定式作宾补的动词有allow, ask, enable, persuade,
expect等，但在let, make, have, feel, watch, see ,hear , notice 等后省to
e.g. The doctor asked him to have a rest.
He made me sit at the table. (4) 作状语
so as (not) to, in order (not) to
only to do…结果…（引出的是意想不到的或不愉快的结果）
e.g. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
(01.6) I got to the station, only to find the train was pulling out.
(5) 前面是被动语态，后面用动词不定式
e.g. He is seen to come into the classroom.
2. 动名词 （1）做主语
Studying English is very important. (2) 作宾语
词语enjoy, appreciate,
imagine, finish, mind, avoid, be worth, suggest (advise) , consider，risk后接动名词作宾语；
介词后动词用动名词， 如词组succeed in, feel like, how (what) about, without, look forward to, be used to（习惯于…）, be accustomed to（习惯于…）, object(objection) to（反对…） , adjust (adapt) oneself to （使自己适应…）
e.g. I have no objection to going there .
3．分词
现在分词doing 表主动，表进行；过去分词done表被动，表完成
现在分词的被动式being done （正在被 …）
现在分词的完成市having done ,表示动作在谓语动词之前发生.
e.g Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
一个句子只有一个谓语动词，出现别的谓语动词，动词前应该有连词，比如and, but, or，没有连词一般用分词，表主动用现在分词，表被动用过去分词 （1）用法
e.g. I have never heard English spoken. 类似表达have my hair cut, have the desk repaired.
1. Do you see the man ___(wear) a blue coat?
2. I bought a TV set
____(make) in China.
3. The building ____ (build) now is our library.
对比：I sat under a tall tree, ___(watch) the birds.
I sat under a tall tree and ___(watch) the birds. _____(see) from a hill, our school looks beautiful. (2) 独立主格结构
All things _____(consider), he would come tomorrow. It ___(be) pretty late, we decided to leave.
（3）连词加分词，表主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词，如when, as if, if, unless e.g. He said quietly, as if ____(remember) something he had tried to forget.
A tiger will not be tame unless____.
A. catching B. caught C. is D. is caught
If ___(keep) in the fridge, the vegetable will be fresh. 表示感情的分词，现在分词表示“令人….的”,经常
用来修饰物；过去分词表示“感到…”，经常用来修饰人.
The news is exciting. I am excited about it. Exercises:
1.A boy walked and a dog_____ (follow).
2.A boy walked and ____ by a dog. (follow)
3.A boy walked, ____ by a dog. (follow)
4.A boy walked, a dog _____. (follow)
倒装句（常以选择题出现） (1)here, there在句首主谓倒装，主语是人称代词则不倒装
e.g. Here comes the bus. Here you are! (2) so 在句首，表示后者也一样，要倒装。
e.g. You’re a student, so am I.
He went to Shanghai. So did she.
He has studied English for 8 years. So have we.
(3) neither, nor 放句首，表示否定情况也适用于后者，要倒装。
She will not do such a thing. Neither will her sister.
(4) 句首为否定词或含否定词的词组时，要倒装。 如never, neither, nor, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few, not only, not until, hardly…when…; no sooner …than…; at no time, on no occasion; under no circumstances等
e.g. Hardly had he finished his task when the boss came in.
(5) 句首状语由only+ 时间副词或介词词组或状语从句构成时，倒装
e.g. Only yesterday did I find out my old diary.
(6) so… that… ; such… that…结构中，so, such 放句首，倒装
So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him. 倒装句常考题型：
1. He went on a trip to
Singapore last month. _____.
A. So did I B. So I did C. So went I D. So did I, too
2. Only when everyone knows how serious the problem is_____.
A. the battle will be won B. the battle has been on
C. will the battle be won D. has the battle been won 3. _____that she got the first prize in the examination. A) So hard she studied B) Did she study so hard
C) So hard did she study D) Hard she studied
4. Not only ___ about the food, but he also refused to pay for it.
A) he complained B) had he complained C) did he complain D) does he complain
5. At no time _____ the first to use nuclear weapons. A) will China be B) will be China C) China will be D) be will China
6. Only in this way _____ the work within two days. A) you can finish B) you finish C) can finish D) can you finish
7. No sooner _____ gone out than it started to snow.
A) he had B) he has C) have he D) had he
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