核心词汇梳理并重点训练
必修 1
Unit 1 Friendship
upset, ignore, concern, settle, suffer, recover, add up, go through, set down, get along with, join in 1. upset adj. 心烦意乱的；不安的；不适的 vt. 使不安；使心烦；弄翻；打乱（计划等）
sth upset sb 某事使某人心烦意乱 sb upset sth 某人打 / 弄翻某物 upset a plan 打乱计划 be upset about / over / at sth 为某事烦心 upset one’s stomach 使（肠胃）不适 eg: His strange behaviour upset his father. Don’t upset yourself about the exam.
It’s upset him that nobody had bothered to tell him about it. It upsets me to think of her all alone in that big house.
注：upset为表语形容词，非定语形容词；其过去式和过去分词形式仍为upset；现在分词形式为upsetting。 2. ignore vt. 不理睬；不顾；忽视
ignore sb / sth 不理睬某人 / 某事 ignorance n. 无知；愚昧；不知道 be in ignorance of / about sth 不知道某事 ignorant adj. 无知的；愚昧的；不知道的be ignorant that… 不知道某事 be ignorant of / about sth 不知道某事 eg: He ignored all the “No Smoking” signs and lit up a cigarette. We can’t afford to ignore their advice.
He’s completely ignorant about modern technology. 3. concern n.[U]关心，担忧 [C]关心的人或事 vt. 涉及；参与；使担心，使操心 It is no concern of mine / yours.
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concerned adj. 关心的，关切的，担忧的；焦虑的（位于名词之前）；相关的（位于名词之后） as / so far as…be concerned 就…而言；依…之见 be concerned about / for sth 担心…；关心… be concerned in / with 与…有关 be concerned over / at sth 为某事忧虑 concern oneself about / for 担忧；关心 concerning prep. 关于；有关 eg: There is growing concern about violence on television. The President is deeply concerned about this issue.
He asked several questions concerning the future of the company. This chapter concerns itself with the historical background.
注：concerned用作形容词时意为“担忧的；关心的”；用作后置定语时意为“相关的；有关的”。另外
concerning用作介词时意为“关于；对于”。 4. settle vi. 安家；定居；停留 vt. 使定居；安排；解决
settle down 舒适地坐下（或躺下）；定居；安静 / 平静下来 settle in / into 习惯于；适应 settle on 选定，决定 settle up 付清账单 settled adj. 稳定的；舒适自在的 settlement n. 协议，定居点 eg: The company has agreed to settle out of court.
It’s all settled — we’re leaving on the nine o’clock plane. I settled her on the sofa and put a blanket over her.
5. suffer vt. 遭受，蒙受；后跟pain / defeat / loss / poverty / hunger / punishment / hardship
以及表示疾病的词。
vi. 后常跟介词from，表示“受……折磨；受……之苦，患某种疾病”。 sufferer n. 患病者，受苦者，受难者 suffering n. （肉体或精神上遭受的）痛苦，疼痛 eg: Many companies are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff.
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He suffered a massive heart attack.
The Republican Party has just suffered a huge defeat in the polls recently. 6. recover vi.&vt. 痊愈；恢复；重新获得 recover form 康复，恢复 recover oneself 恢复常态 recovery n. 恢复，改善 eg: Liu Xiang is still recovering from his operation. It took her a few minutes to recover consciousness. She has made a full recovery from her illness. 7. add up 合计
add…in… 把……加进去；包括 add…on (to)… 附加，加上 add…to… 在……中加上…… add to 增加；加强（多用于抽象意义） add up to 总计；总共（不用于被动语态） in addition 另外 in addition to… 除……之外 eg: The numbers add up to exactly 100. Remember to add in the cost of drinks.
A service charge of 15% was added on to the bill. 8. go through 经历，经受；仔细检查；完成；用完 go after 追赶 go against 违反，与…不符 go ahead 先走；开始做；着手干 go by 逝去，过去 go off 离开；爆炸 go on 继续；上场；流逝 go over 检查 pass through 走过；路过 live through 经历 look through 浏览；往…里面看 第 3 页 共 30 页 3 pull through （大病、手术后）康复 eg: I always start the day by going through my e-mail.
He’s amazingly cheerful considering all he’s gone through. Things will get easier as time goes by. 9. set down 放下；记下；登记
set about (doing sth) 着手（做某事） set out (to do sth) 开始，着手（做某事） set aside 留出；不顾 set back （把钟等）往回拨；推迟 set free 释放；解放 set off 动身，出发；使爆炸 set out 动身，出发；着手；安排，组织 set up 开办；建立；设立 set an example 树立榜样 set fire to… = on fire 纵火烧 eg: Passengers may be set down and picked up only at the official stops. The bad weather set back the building programme by several weeks. We need to set about finding a solution.
注：set about和set out都可作“开始着手做某事”讲，但set about后加doing sth，而set out后加
to do sth。
10. get along with 与…相处；进展 get along with sb 同某人相处 get along with sth 某事进展 / 进行 get about / around （消息）传开 get…across 讲清楚；（使）被领会 get away from… 离开；脱身 get…back 收回，找回 get…down 记下来；使悲伤 get down to 认真做，开始着手做 get in 到达；收割 get on… 上车 / 船 / 飞机；继续进行；相处 第 4 页 共 30 页 4 get over… 克服；摆脱 get rid of… 消灭，摆脱，除掉 get through… （电话）接通；用完；通过 get together 聚会，联欢 eg: She’s never really got on well with her sister. I’m not getting on very fast with this job. It’s time I got down to thinking about that essay. Your meaning didn’t really get across. 11. join in 参加；加入 join up 入伍，参军 join up with (sb) （与某人）联合，会合 join hands (with sb)（与某人）拉起手；合伙，联合
辨析join / join in / take part in / attend / participate： 1 join表示“加入党派、组织、社团、俱乐部”等，如join the Party / Youth League / army / club ○/organization。 2 join in表示“参加正在进行的活动”，如join in a game / discussion / conversation / walk。亦○可说：join sb in (doing) sth。 3 take part in表示“参加会议、活动”，侧重说明主语参加并发挥一定作用，part前若有修饰语，要用○不定冠词，如take (an active) part in a party / school activities / physical labour。 4 attend表示“出席或参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼、典礼，上课，上学，听报告”，如attend a meeting ○/ a sports meeting / a concert / a show / school / a lecture。 5 participate为正式用语，和介词in连用，表示积极地参与。 ○eg: She listens but she never joins in.
Our teacher often joins us in singing and dancing.
How many countries took part in the 29 Olympic Games in Beijing? Our children attend the same school. 练习：
1. The protesters the meeting by shouting and throwing stones at the windows.
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A. attended B. held C. upset D. mixed 2. 有些司机就是对速度限制视而不见。
Some drivers simply .
3. 无视别的国家的强烈反对，伊朗政府仍将继续它的核项目。
，Iran government will go on with its nuclear program.
4. What the public is about is whether medical workers and scientists will be able to find a cure for this new disease in a short time. A. concerning B. concern C. concerned D. to concern
5. How are the kids their new school？ A. settling B. settling up C. settling into D. settling down
6. As a result of the severe earthquake in Wenchuan，the whole city great losses. A. have suffered from B. suffered C. have suffered D. suffered from 7. 经济呈现出复苏的迹象。
The economy is showing . 8. 警方尚未找回被盗的珠宝。
Police have so far failed to . 9. ---Has Mary come back yet？
---Yes. She has got many books from her elder schoolmates，which 1，000. A. add up B. add up to C. add to D. add
10. The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather the helplessness of the crew
at sea.
A. added to B. resulted from C. turned out D. made up
11. Maybe there are some things among the girl’s papers, like her school reports, old photos and
so on. Can you them and give me whatever you find? A. go through B. go after C. go into D. go with
12. That evening he what he had thought about the research.
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A. set about; set down B. set about; to set down C. set out; setting down D. set out; to set down
13. I don’t think your speech to the crowd, for they appeared quite puzzled. A. got back B. got away C. got through D. got across
14. When Tom was very young, he was terribly frightened of dogs, but he soon them. A. got across B. got off C. got away D. got over
15. My sister the League last month and she has decided to the activity to help the aged next week.
A. joined; join in B. joined in; join C. joined; join D. joined in; join in
Unit 2 English around the world
native, base, command, request, recognize, block, because of, come up, such as, play a role / part in, 1. native adj. 本国的；本地的；天赋的 n. 本地人；本国人
be native to 原产于某地的，土生土长的 be a native of 土生土长的本地人 go native 入乡随俗，同化 native art / dance / peoples土著艺术 / 舞蹈 / 民族 native wit / intelligence 与生俱来的机智 / 才智 eg: The tiger is native to India. He is a native of Beijing.
You can always tell the difference between the tourists and the natives. 2. base vt. 以…为根据 n. 基部；基地；基础
base sth on / upon sth 以…为基础（或根据） base sb / sth / oneself in 以…为据点（或总部等），把（总部等）设在 the base of a column / glass / pyramid 柱基 / 玻璃杯底 / 金字塔底座 第 7 页 共 30 页 7 a military / naval base 军事 / 海军基地 based adj. （以某事）为基础 / 根据的 baseless adj. 无根据的；无缘无故的 basement n. 地下室 eg: What are you basing this theory on?
They decided to base the new company in New York. The town is an ideal base for touring the area. 3. command n. [C] 命令，指令 [U]掌握 vt. 命令，指挥，支配；博得；赢得 at sb’s command 听某人指挥 under one’s command 由…指挥 under the command of sb 在…指挥之下 have (a) command of 掌握；精通（尤指语言） take command of 控制 (be) in command of 掌握，控制 command sb to do sth 命令某人做某事 command that… (should) do… 命令… eg: The police arrived and took command of the situation.
Applicants will be expected to have (a) command of English.
The commission intervened and commanded that work on the building cease.
注：command后面的宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语形式是should + 动词原形或省略
should。
4. request n.&vt. 请求；要求
make (a) request for… 请求；要求… at sb’s request = at the request of sb应某人之要求 by request (of) 照需要；依照请求；应邀 on request 一经要求 request sb to do sth 请求某人做某事 request that sb (should) do sth 请求… request sth from / of sb 向某人请求某物
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It is requested that… 据要求… eg: He was there at the request of his manager.
She requested that no one (should) be told of her decision. You are requested not to smoke in the restaurant.
常用虚拟语气的动词口诀：一坚持insist；二命令order，command；三建议advise，suggest，propose；四要求ask，demand，request，require。 5. recognize vt. 辨认出；承认 recognize sb / sth by / from… 根据…认出某人 / 某事（物） be recognized to be / as 被认作…/被认为是… It is recognized that… 人们公认… recognition n. 认识；认出 out of / beyond recognition 认不出来 eg: Drugs were not recognized to be / as a serious problem then. It was recognized that this solution could only be temporary. The book is now recognized as a classic. 6. block n. 大块；大楼；街区；一批，一组 v. 阻塞，挡住
a block of ice / concrete / stone 一大块冰 / 混凝土 / 石头 a tower block 高层建筑 an office block 办公大楼 a block of shares 一大宗股份 block off 封锁，堵住 block out 挡住，遮住 block up 塞住，封住 block…from 阻止…做… eg: His apartment is three blocks away from the police station. The main roads of the city have been blocked off.
The fallen trees blocked us from going into the flooded area.
注：表示“阻止…做…”的动词有：block…; (from)… / prevent…; (from)… / stop…; (from)…/
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ban…; (from)…/ keep…from… 7. because of 因为；由于
because of是介词短语，后跟名词、代词或动名词；because是连词，后跟从句。 辨析because of / owing to / due to / on account of / thanks to： 这五个短语都有“由于、因为”的意思，都是介词短语，因此后面不可接从句。 1 because of意为“由于，因为”，强调因果关系，在句中一般作状语。 ○2 owing to与because of一样，也强调因果关系，作表语或状语。 ○3 due to引出造成后果的原因，在句中常作表语、状语。作状语时与owing to同义，但due to一般不置○于句首。 4 on account of与because of，owing to同义，但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语。 ○5 thanks to只能用作状语，可以表达正面意思，“幸亏”，也可用于讽刺口吻中（近于讽刺口吻中的“感○谢”）。 eg: Liu Xiang gave up the competition because of his injury. The game was cancelled owing to heavy rain. The team’s success was largely due to her efforts. It was a great success — thanks to a lot of hard work. 8. come up 走近；上来；发芽；发生；被提出；（太阳、月亮等）升起 come up with 想出；提出 come about 发生 come across 穿过(路、桥)；偶遇；偶然发现(=come upon) come along 一道来；一起去；进步；赶快 come back 回来；记起 come on (风、雨等)到来；(演员)出场；赶快；得了吧 come out 出版；出来，出现；结果是 come to 苏醒；总计；达到；谈到 eg: The daffodils are just beginning to come up. The subject came up in conversation.
She came up with a new idea for increasing sales.
注：come up含有“被提出”之意，以物作主语，此时不用被动语态；而come up with意为“提出，想出”，
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其主语是人。
I came up with a proposal and it soon came up at the meeting. 9. such as 例如…；像这种的
辨析such as / for example / that is / and so on： 1 such as…用来列举事物。通常放在被列举的事物的前面以及需要说明的事物的后面，意思是“比如；诸○如…之类的”，也与like互换，as后面不能有逗号。 2 for example…起到补充说明的作用，表明在众多内容中仅举一个或少数几个例子，可位于句首、句中或○句末，意思是“例如…；举个例子…”。 3 that is是后面列举的事物的总量等于它前面所提到的总和，相当于namely，意思是“即，也就是说”。 ○4 and so on对几个事物进行列举时，在说了其中的几个以后，用…and so on进行概括，说明还有例子，○但不一一列出了，意思是“…等”。 eg: Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
It is possible to combine Computer Science with other subjects, for example, Physics. We discussed everything — when to go, what to see and so on. 10. play a role / part in 在…中担任角色；
在…中起作用
play an important role / part in 在…方面起重要作用 play the role of sb = play / act the part of sb （在剧中）扮演某人的角色 play the leading role 起主要（带头）作用 eg: Clowns play an important role in a circus. She plays an active part in local politics.
The media play a major role in influencing people’s opinions.
11. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. 1 more than + 数词，表示“超过，多于”。 ○2 more than + 名词，表示“不仅是，不只是”。 ○3 more than + 形容词 / 副词，表示“非常，十分”，与very同义。 ○4 more than之后接含有can的从句时，常表示否定意义。此时，从句中的谓语动词必须是及物动词，并且○
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与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系。 5 more…than…意为“与其…不如…；是…而不是…”，表示自身的比较。 ○6 no more than = only意为“只有，仅仅”；not more than常用于数词之前，意为“至多，不超过”，○其意义相当于at（the）most。 eg: There is room for no more than three cars. She was far more intelligent than her sister. I’m more than happy to take you there in my car.
It had more the appearance of a deliberate crime than of an accident. 练习：
1. Spanish is the language of most Spaniards. A. birth B. home C. native D. natural
2. Without facts, we can’t form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge our thinking.
A. which to be based on B. which to base upon C. upon which to base D. to which to be based 3. A competent speaker of a language must have a (an) of these different styles. A. comment B. observation C. command D. response
4. This is his only request that the room after being used. A. be cleaned B. would be cleaned C. is cleaned D. will be cleaned
5. The famous film star wore dark glasses so that no one would him. A. reach B. recognize C. realize D. know 6. 多年来她努力想把她生命中的那一段经历从记忆中抹去。
Over the years she had tried to that part of her life. 7. 由于伤风，我的鼻子不通气。 My nose with this cold.
8. Dozens of the foreign visitors will have to wait another two weeks the delays in obtaining permits.
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A. in case of B. in spite of C. instead of D. because of
9. Tom, together with his classmates, because of the school rule. A. was punished; obeying B. were punished; breaking C. was punished; breaking D. were punished; obeying
10. They thought about it for a long time, but still couldn’t a solution. A. come over B. get along with C. come out D. come up with
11. A famous writer’s new book My New Life will next month.
A. come across B. come out C. come along D. come up
12. Several Chinese films are rising to international fame, , Brokeback Mountain directed by Ang Lee has won the Oscar Awards. A. such as B. for example C. namely D. that is
13. The part that China in the international affairs in international society.
A. plays; is widely praised B. plays; is wide praised C. takes; widely praised D. takes; wide praised 14. ---Anne acts quite unfriendly. ---I think she’s unfriendly. A. more shy than B. shyer than C. more shyer than D. shy more than
Unit 3 Travel Journal
prefer, persuade, determine, view, change one’s mind, give in, no matter how 1. prefer vt. 更喜欢；选择某事物（而不选择其他事物） prefer sth 更喜欢… prefer (sb) to do sth 更喜欢（某人）做… 第 13 页 共 30 页 13 prefer that 更喜欢[that从句中常用(should+动词原形) prefer sth / doing…to sth / doing…与…相比更喜欢…；宁愿…，不愿… prefer to do…rather than do… 宁可…也不… preference n. 偏爱；爱好；喜爱 give preference to sb / sth 给…以优惠；优待 in preference to sb / sth 而不是 eg: I prefer playing in defense.
I would prefer that you (should) not mention my name. He prefers to stay at home rather than go shopping.
She was chosen in preference to her sister as a volunteer of the Beijing Olympic Games. 注：在prefer to…结构中，to后接动词原形；在prefer…to…结构和preference构成的短语中to都为介
词。
2. persuade vt. 劝说；说服
persuade sb to do sth = persuade sb into doing sth 说服某人做某事 persuade sb not to do sth = persuade sb out of doing sth 说服某人不做某事 try to persuade sb to do sth (= advise sb to do sth) 尽力劝说某人做某事（但未劝服） persuade sb of sth 使某人相信… persuasive adj. 有说服力的；令人信服的 persuasion n. 说服；信服；信念
辨析advise / persuade： advise表示“劝告”的动作，不看结果，而persuade强调“已经说服”；advise既可接动词的-ing形式作宾语，也可接that引导的宾语从句（必须用虚拟语气should + 动词原形），而persuade不能。 eg: Try to persuade him to come.
I allowed myself to be persuaded into entering the competition. I am still not fully persuaded of the plan’s advantage. 注：You can advise him but you may not persuade him.
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3. determine vt.&vi. 决定；确定；（使）下定决心 determine + n. / pron. 决（确）定 determine to do sth 决定做某事（表示动作，非延续性动词短语） determine on / upon… 决定… determine that / what… 决定… determine sb to do sth 使某人决定做某事 determine sb against sth 使某人决定不做某事 be determined to do sth 决心做某事（表示状态，可与表示时间段的状语连用） determined adj. 坚决的，有决心的 determination n. 决心 eg: We determined to leave at once.
His advice determined me to delay no more.
I am determined to find out who is responsible for this.
注：determine to do sth在词义上等于be determined to do sth。但前者强调动作，后者强调状态。类似的短语还有：prepare for / be prepared for， worry about / be worried about。这类结构常考查分词作状语的用法。
4. view n. 风景；视野；观点；见解 vt. 观看；注视；考虑
in one’s view 在某人看来 come into view 进入视野，看得见 in full view (of sb / sth) 完全看得见 in view of sth 鉴于，考虑到，由于 with a view to sth / to doing sth 为了，指望 eg: We take the view that it would be wrong to interfere. How do you view your position in the company? In view of the weather, we will cancel the outing. 5. change one’s mind 改变主意
make up one’s mind 下决心，决定 bear / keep…in mind 记住 have…in mind 考虑；打算 call / bring sth to mind 回忆起某事 第 15 页 共 30 页 15 fix one’s mind upon 把注意力集中在… be of one / the same mind 对…意见一致 be out of one’s mind 发狂，发疯 eg: Have you made up your minds where to go for your honeymoon? She couldn’t call to mind where she had seen him before. He will bear the beautiful girl in mind forever. 6. give in 屈服；投降；让步；上交 give in to sb 对某人让步 give away 赠送；泄露；出卖 give back 归还 give off 放出；散发出（液体、气体、气味、能量、热量、光、声音） give out 分发；用完，筋疲力尽 give up 放弃；停止；认输；把…送交 give over 移交 give way to 给…让路；对…让步 eg: The authorities have shown no signs of giving in to the kidnappers’ demands. He gave away most of his money to charity. After a month their food supplies gave out.
7. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.
1 在“主语 + 系动词 + 形容词 + 不定式”结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。 ○ 使用此结构须具备两个前提条件：a. 不定式作状语修饰作表语的形容词；b. 不定式和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 2 不定式作定语时，当在句子中能找到不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与其所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，这时○不定式可用主动形式表示被动含义。 eg: It’s a difficult question to answer. Tom is easy to please.
Harry Potter is interesting to read.
8. A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.
no matter how引导让步状语从句，意为“无论多么…”，how后紧跟形容词或副词，此处相当于however
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+ 形容词 / 副词。
疑问词-ever和no matter + 疑问词 1 whatever，whichever，whoever，whomever可以引导让步状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句。引导让步○状语从句时，可以换成no matter what / which / who / whom，位置可以在主句前或后。 2 wherever，whenever，however常引导让步状语从句，可以换成no matter where / when / how，可以防○在主句前或后。 3 however引导让步状语从句常与倒装结合起来。这时，however起双重作用，一是引导让步状语从句，二○是修饰某一个形容词或副词，而这个形容词或副词要紧接在它之后。 eg: Whoever says that is a liar. （主语从句）
Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her. （让步状语从句） She has the window open, however cold it is outside. （让步状语从句） 练习：
1. Most people prefer money it. A. spending; to earning B. to be spending; to be earning C. to spend; to earn
D. having spent; to having earned 2. 他试图劝我去看医生，但没人能说服我！
3. to resume his former position, Liu Xiang is actively engaged in training. A. Determine B. To determine C. Determined D. Determining
4. I would like to buy a house which has a (n) over the sea.
A. image B. view C. sight D. scenery
5. These are the basic grammar, which you should learn . A. by memory B. by heart C. in mind D. for good
6. What disappointed us was that their determination finally . A. gave off B. gave out C. gave up D. gave in
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7. He tried to keep up a calm appearance, but his trembling voice him . A. showed; off B. cleared; up C. gave; away D. gave; out
8. We have several models of the latest design , you can take whichever you like. A. to choose B. to be chosen from C. for choosing from D. to choose from
9. The employers often give the job to they believe have work experience with a strong sense of duty.
A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. those who
10. the cause, the hate between these men grew deeper and deeper. A. What B. What about C. Whatever D. What if
Unit 4 Earthquakes
burst, ruin, injure, bury, judge, right away, at an end, a number of, It seems as if… 1. burst vt.&vi. （使）爆裂；（使）裂开；突然出现；爆发 n. 突然破裂；爆发
burst out 突然迸发；爆发 burst out doing sth = burst into + n. 突然…起来 be bursting to do sth 渴望，急着要做（某事） burst in / into 闯进，突然破门而入 burst with anger / grief / joy 勃然大怒 / 心痛欲绝 / 乐不可支 eg: The excellent performance of Chinese competitors at the 29th Beijing Olympic Games caused bursts
of applause.
She was bursting to tell him the good news. The boy burst into tears on seeing the big dog. 2. ruin n. [U]毁坏；毁灭，崩溃 [C](Pl.)废墟、遗址 v. （使）破产，（使）堕落，毁灭 be in ruins 成为废墟 be the ruin of 成为…毁灭（堕落）的原因 bring sb to ruin 使某人失败；使倾家荡产 第 18 页 共 30 页 18 come / fall to / into ruin 毁灭；崩溃；破坏掉 ruin oneself 自取灭亡 ruin one’s health / fame 破坏某人的健康 / 名誉 eg: The bank stepped in to save the company from financial ruin. My new shoes got ruined in the mud.
That one mistake ruined his chance of getting the job. 辨析destroy，ruin，damage，break，spoil： 1 destroy常指彻底的、不能或很难修复的“破坏、毁坏”程度较深；也可用于损坏抽象的东西，比如名誉、○计划、努力、契约等。 2 ruin亦指彻底毁掉，但不含有某种摧毁性的力量进行破坏，而含有在一定的过程中逐渐毁掉的意思。 ○3 damage是程度较小的“破坏、损坏”，一般指被破坏的物品可以重新修复。 ○4 break是“破坏、打破、打碎”的意思。它表示的范围极广，程度也不一。可用于有形的东西，如石头、○玻璃或瓷器等，也可用于无形、抽象的东西，如法律、沉默、魔力或习惯等。 5 spoil“破坏，糟蹋”，其重点在于破坏事物原先的结构、和谐性，使原事物不再具有原先的特点，宾语○常是景致、食欲、计划等。 3. injure vt. 损害，伤害
injury n. 伤，伤口；伤害 do an injury to sb 伤害某人 injured adj. 受伤的，受委屈的 the injured 伤员 an injured look / expression 委屈的样子 / 表情 injured pride / feelings 受到伤害的自尊 / 情感
辨析wound，injure，hurt，harm： 1 wound一般指外伤，如刀伤、枪伤，尤指战争、战斗中受伤。 ○2 injure一般指由于意外或事故造成的损伤，其宾语常为健康、成就、容貌等，强调功能的损失。 ○3 hurt可以指肉体上的伤害，也可以指精神上的伤害，特指伴有疼痛的肉体上的伤害；作不及物动词时，○是“痛”的意思。 第 19 页 共 30 页 19 4 harm用于肉体或精神上的伤害均可，有时可指引起不安或不便。 ○eg: One of the players injured his knee and had to be carried off.
This could seriously injure the company’s reputation. Don’t harm your eyes by reading in dim light. 4. bury vt. 埋葬，掩埋；隐藏；使沉浸，使专心；插入，刺入
be buried alive 被活埋 bury sth in… 把…埋到…里 bury one’s face in hands 双手掩面 be buried in 埋头于；专心于 bury (oneself) in eg: Their ambitions were finally dead and buried. She buried her face in her hands and wept. Since she left, he’s buried himself in his work. 5. judge v. 断定；判断；判决 n. 裁判员；法官；评判员
judge sb / sth from / by… 从…来判断 judge between right and wrong 判断是非 as far as I can judge 据我判断，我认为 judging by / from 从…上看，根据…判断 judgement n. 判断，审判，意见，判断力 in one’s judgement 依某人看来，按某人的看法 eg: Don’t judge a book by its cover.
Judging by / from her last letter, they are having a wonderful time. He was one of the judges at the horse race.
注：judging from / by表示“从…上看，根据…来判断”，用在句首时，为一个独立成分，不受句子主语
和时态影响，只用现在分词作状语，而不采用过去分词的形式。 6. right away 立刻，马上 表示“立刻，马上”的结构： without delay / right now / immediately / at once / in no time / right off
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辨析right away / right now： right away“立刻，马上”，相当于at once，in no time。 right now“立即，马上；此时此刻”，后一意义比now的语气强，相当于at this very moment。 eg: I want it sent right away. He cleaned the room right away. He’s not in the office right now. 7. at an end 结束，终结
at the end of 在…尽头，在…末端（指时间或空间的一个终点） by the end of 到…结束时，到…时候为止（常与完成时态连用） bring sth to an end （使）结束，终止 come to an end 结束 make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵；靠微薄收入为生 in the end 最后，终于，最终 on end 竖着，直立着；连续地，不断地 end up 结束，告终 end in 以…结束 / 结尾 eg: The year is at an end. The meeting came to an end.
You can try your best to impress the interviewers but in the end it’s often just a question of luck.
Their struggle ended in failure. 8. a number of 许多，大量 关于“许多”“若干”的短语： a large / great / good number of a great / good many + 可数名词复数 a good few quite a few many a +单数可数名词 + 单数谓语动词 more than one a great / good deal of a great / large amount of + 不可数名词 第 21 页 共 30 页 21 quite a little a lot / lots of a great / large quantity of + 可数名词复数 large quantities of 或不可数名词 plenty of eg: A number of problems have arisen.
We have had an enormous amount of help from people. They spent a great deal of money on this project. 9. It seemed as if the world was at an end!
It seems (to sb) that / as if… （对某人来说）似乎…，as if后面可用虚拟语气 seem to be / like + n. … 似乎…，好像… seem to be doing sth / to have done sth 好像正在做 / 已经做了某事 seem (to be) + n. / adj. 似乎是… There seems to be… 好像有… eg: It seems that they know what they’re doing. It always seemed as if they would get married. I seem to have left my book at home.
10. Thousands of families were killed and many children were left without parents.
1 …were left without parents是一个被动结构，without parents是介词短语，作主语补足语，表示主○语的状态。 2 leave作使役动词，意为“（留下，剩下…）使…处于某状态”。构成的句式为：leave sth / sb + 宾○补（现在分词，过去分词，不定式，介词短语，副词，形容词）。 eg: I went out and left the door unlocked. She left me waiting in the rain for an hour. The bomb blast left 25 people dead. 练习：
1. ---What happened?
---Oh, a bee appeared on Kate’s dress, and her sudden of cry scared us. A. break B. burst C. attitude D. express
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2. The audience waited until Shenzhou Ⅶ touched the ground and then applause. A. burst out B. burst into C. burst on D. burst in
3. After the earthquake, we can see the of the village. A. ruin B. ruins C. damage D. destroy 4. This pair of shoes doesn’t fit me. My toes . A. injure B. wound C. hurt D. harm 用injure，hurt，wound的适当形式填空： 5. How many people were in the accident? 6. What he said me deeply. 7. The soldier was in the arm.
8. deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal. A. Burying B. Buried C. To bury D. Having buried
9. I shall make my own on this matter when I see the result. A. justice B. judgement C. intention D. conclusion
10. he is doing an operation on the patient, please don’t disturb him. A. Right away B. Right now C. In no time D. At once
11. It snowed heavily for three days and we were separated from the outside world. A. in the end B. by the end C. on end D. at the end
12. children whose parents had died in the earthquake sent to live with families in other cities.
A. A great number of; was B. A great number of; were C. The great number of; was D. The great number of; were
13. The number of students in our school about 30, 000 and them study hard. A. is; a large amount of B. are; a number of
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C. are; large amount of D. is; a large number of 14. It is said that there’s millions of camels in India and of them is still increasing. A. the number B. the amount C. the quantity D. a number
15. Many parents died in Wenchuan earthquake,
their children orphans. A. remaining B. keeping C. leaving D. letting
16. 要学生买一本词典，好像也没什么不合情理。 17. 在我看来你好像没有多少选择的余地。
Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero
devote, vote, equal, escape, reward, out of work, turn to, set up, the first time 1. devote vt. 献身，专心于
devote oneself to 献身，致力，专心 devote…to… 把…用于… devoted adj. 忠实的，深爱的 devotion n. 关爱，关照；奉献，忠诚 be devoted to 深爱，致力于 eg: She devoted herself to her career. They are devoted to their children.
Her devotion to the job left her with very little free time. 2. vote vt.&vi. 投票，选举 n. 投票；选票；表决 vote for 投票赞成 vote against 投票反对 vote on 投票表决 vote…down 投票击败，投票否决 第 24 页 共 30 页 24 vote through 投票通过 put…to the vote 付诸表决，裁决 eg: Did you vote for or against her?
He was voted the most promising new director. The plan was passed by 6 votes to 3.
注：vote for表示“投票赞同”；vote against表示“投票反对”，类似结构还有“be for / against；fight
for / against。 3. equal v. 等于；抵得上 adj. 相等的；胜任的 n. 同等的人；相等物
A equals B in… A 在…方面比得上B be equal to + n. / doing sth 等于；与…相等；有…的能力（勇气、力量等）胜任，能干 be without equal / have no equal 无与伦比；无敌 equality n. 平等 equally adv. 相等地；同等地；均等，同样 eg: With his last jump he equalled the world record. There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class. He is a player without equal.
注：注意以下介词的搭配： be equal to sth 胜任某事 be similar to 同…相似 to sb 为某人所熟知 be familiar with sth 熟悉某物 be indifferent to sth 对某事不关心；不在乎 be kind to sb 对某人和蔼 be polite to sb 对某人有礼貌
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be friendly to / with 对…友好 4. escape v.&n. 逃脱；逃生；泄露 escape from 从…逃脱，逃避 escape death 死里逃生 escape one’s notice 没注意 narrow escape 死里逃生 eg: She managed to escape from the burning car. He was lucky to escape punishment. His name escapes me.
注：escape后接动词时，要用其-ing形式。 5. reward n. 报酬，奖金 vt. 酬劳，奖赏
as a reward for 作为（对某事的）报酬 / 奖赏 in reward 作为报答，作为奖赏 reward sb for sth / doing sth 为（做）某事而报答某人 reward sb with sth 用某物奖赏某人 辨析reward / award： 名词 报酬、奖reward 金或一些非金钱的报酬 奖品，奖award 金 award sth to sb eg: How can I reward your kindness?
He was rewarded for his efforts with a cash bonus. You deserve a reward for being so helpful. 6. out of work 失业
out of business 破产；歇业 out of control 失控
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动词 给予报酬，指因对方的工作、服务、帮助而给予的报酬或奖赏reward sb for sth因…而报答某人 授予，颁发aware sb sth = out of repair 失修 out of order 有毛病 out of date 过时 out of one’s reach 够不着 out of danger 脱险 out of question 毫无疑问 out of patience 失去耐心 out of mind 心不在焉 eg: Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。 He’s been out of work for six months.
It is out of question that he will be admitted into key universities. 7. turn to 求助于，致力于 turn away 拒绝，不准某人入内 turn around 转身 turn down 拒绝；调小 turn in 上交 turn off 关掉 turn on 打开 turn out 赶出；证明是，结果是 turn over 翻身，翻转 turn up 露面，出现；开大 eg: Nobody seems to understand. I don’t know who to turn to.
Paul turned to drinking alcohol to try to forget his problems at work. The job turned out (to be) harder than we thought. Why did she turn down your invitation? 8. set up 设立，建立 set about 开始做 set apart 使与众不同；留出；拨出（专用） set aside 把…放在一边；省出，留出 set down 写下，记下 set forth 陈述，阐明 第 27 页 共 30 页 27 set off 出发，动身；使爆炸；引起，激发 set out 出发，动身；摆放，陈列；开始，着手 eg: A fund will be set up for the dead men’s families. The school has set up a special class to help poor readers. Panic on the stock market set off a wave of selling.
注：set about doing sth = set out to do sth“开始做某事”；set out和set off表示“动身，出发”
到某目的地，其后用for而不用to。
9. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
句中的the first time用作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次…时”。 名词短语作连词，引导时间状语从句的有： the moment the minute = as soon as 一…就… the instant every time 每次 / 回…就… each time 每当…时 next time 下次…时 any time （在）任何时间 有时副词也可充当连词，引导时间状语从句，它们是：instantly，immediately，directly等，相当于as soon as。 eg: Each time I called on him, he was very busy. He came to see me immediately he came back. I recognized her the moment I saw her. 练习：
1. 他一天只能在这个项目上花两个小时，但他忠于职守是值得尊敬的。 He could only to work on the project, but is worth respecting.
2. （改错）We’ll listen to the arguments on both sides and then vote for it. 3. Mike often attempts to escape whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A. having been fined B. to have been fined C. to be fined D. being fined
4. It is said that the police have offered a large for information leading to the robber’s
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arrest.
A. award B. prize C. reward D. welfare 5. ---What do you think of my new dress?
---I’m sorry, but I think it’s out of and you can’t keep pace with the latest fashion. A. question B. order C. date D. practice 6. If an airplane is , it will certainly crash. A. under control B. out of control C. lost control D. in control
7. The French pianist who had been praised very highly to be a great disappointment. A. turned up B. turned in C. turned out D. turned down
8. The President his views in a television broadcast. A. set down B. set forth C. set back D. set off
9. they visited the Science Museum, they showed great interest in everything they saw. A. The first time B. For the first time C. At first D. At the first time 10. 两家公司合并的建议已于昨日投票通过。 11. 女人和男人同工同酬。
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