unit 20
理解:要点诠释
单词
1.dozen
讲：n. 十二；(一)打
例:give me a dozen,please.
请给我来一打。
only about half a dozen turned up.
只有六七个人到了。
he bought three dozen red roses for her on valentine’s day.
在情人节他给她买了三打红玫瑰。
链接•提示
(1)dozen作“十二”讲，其前有数词或a,few,several,many等词修饰时，用单数形式；若后面接代词时，dozen后of不能省略。a,few,several,many修饰dozen其后of可有可无。类似单词还有score,handred,thousand,million。
(2)dozens of许多；scores of许多。
练:apples are usually sold by _________ weight,and eggs are sometimes sold by____________ dozen.
a.the;the b./;a c./;the d.the;a
提示:本题看似考查冠词，实际上考查固定搭配:by weight意为“按(论)重量；by the dozen意为“论打”。
答案:c
2.spare
讲：v. 抽出；拔出；留出；匀出；省得；免得；饶恕；赦免；放过
adj. 空闲的；多余的；备用的
n.备用品
例:i’d love to have a rest,but i can’t spare the time just now.
我想休息一下，但眼下找不出时间。
we can only spare one room for you.
我们只能给你腾出一个房间。
he wanted to spare his mother any anxiety.
他不想让母亲有丝毫的担忧。
during the bombing only one house was spared.
在轰炸中，只有一座房子幸免。
i’m afraid i haven’t got any spare cash.
恐怕我手头没有闲钱。
what do you do in your spare time?
你业余时间干什么？
i have lost my key and i haven’t got a spare.
我把钥匙丢了，我还没有备用的。
链接•拓展
(1)spare no effort to do sth.不遗余力做某事
we are determined to spare no effort to beat them in the match.
我们决心尽力打败他们。
(2)in one’s spare time在业余时间
(3)to spare多余；富余
i’ve got absolutely no money to spare this month.
我这个月一点富余钱都没有。
(4)spare one’s feeling不惹某人难受；避免触及某人的痛处
练:(1)you could have_______________ yourself an unnecessary trip by phoning in advance.
a.spared b.separated
c.missed d.freed
提示:句意为“如果事先打个电话，你本来能够省去不必要的一趟”。
答案:a
(2)on the day before the party,mr.smith told his men to_____________ no effort to make sure the guests enjoy themselves.
a.share b.make
c.spend d.spare
提示:spare no effort to do sth.意为“不遗余力做某事”。
答案:d
短语
1.in terms of/in...terms 就……而言；从……角度；谈及
例:he is talking in terms of starting a completely new career.
他在谈论开展全新的事业。
the decision was disastrous in political terms.
从政治上来看，这个决定是灾难性的。
in terms of technical development,people were going from the stone age to the bronze age.
就技术的发展而言，人们正在从石器时代过渡到青铜器时代。
链接•拓展
(1)come to terms with甘愿忍受(不愉快的处境)；妥协；迁就顺从；适应(困难的处境)
(2)be on good/friendly/bad...terms with sb.(与某人)关系好(或友好、不好等)
(3)in the long term从长远来看
(4)in the short term在目前
(5)come to terms达成协议；让步；屈服
练:___________ terms of money they are quite rich,but not of happiness.
a.on b.for c.to d.in
提示:句意为:就钱来说，他们很富有，但论及幸福就不行了。in terms of...“就……而言”。
答案:d
2.in the eyes of/in one’s eyes 在某人的心目中；在某人看来
例:you’re only a child in their eyes.
在他们看来，你只是个孩子。
链接•拓展
(1)keep an eye on sb./sth.照看；留神；留意
we’ve asked the neighbours to keep an eye on the house for us while we are away.
我们已请邻居在我们离开时帮我们照看一下房子。
while crossing the road,you should keep an eye on the traffic around you.
过马路时，你要留意周围的车辆。
(2)keep an eye open/out(for sb./sth.)密切注意；提防；警觉
police have asked residents to keep an eye out for anything suspicious.
警方要求居民密切注意一切可疑情况。
(3)look sb.in the eye(s)/face(坦然或问心无愧地)直视某人，正视某人
can you look me in the eye and tell me you are not lying?
你能问心无愧地看着我说你没撒谎吗？
(4)see eye to eye(与某人)看法一致；完全同意
we see eye to eye on the matter,so let’s sign a contract.
我们对此看法完全一致，所以我们签约吧。
练:(1)_____________ of premier wen jiabao,there is never__________ thing as far as peasants are concerned.
a.in the eyes;too small a b.in the eyes;a too small
c.in the eye;too small a d.in the eye;a too small
提示:在总理看来，涉及到农民的事情无小事。in the eyes of是固定搭配，eye必须用复数；too是副词，应该放在形容词small之前。故选a项。
答案:a
(2)mom,i lost_______________ diamond ring my boyfriend bought for me.could you keep _________ eye out for it when you clean the house?
a.the;an b.a;an
c.a;the d.the;the
提示:考查冠词和固定搭配。diamond ring后有定语从句修饰，表示特指，其前应该用定冠词the；keep an eye out for是固定搭配。故选a。
答案:a
(3)—will you__________________ our house while we are out on holiday?
—well,that ought to be no problem.
a.keep an eye on b.keep an eye out
c.have an eye for d.have an eye to
提示:从语境和句意看，应该选a项。
答案:a
3.have/take a hand in sth./doing sth.
讲：该词组的义项有:参与或介入某事情；对某事情有一定的责任.
例:he may have had a hand in planning the monument,or in helping transport and pull up the stones.
他可能参与设计这个纪念碑，或者帮助运输、拉这些石头。
链接•拓展
(1)at hand手头上；即将；在附近
(2)by hand手工做的
(3)hand in hand手挽手
(4)on the one hand;on the other hand一方面，另一方面
(5)at first hand直接地
(6)out of hand无法控制
(7)in hand在手头；在控制之下
(8)hand down把……传下去
(9)hand out分发
(10)hand sb.sth.传给某人某物
(11)shake hands with sb.=shake sb.by the hand(与某人)握手
练:(1)we must keep our room clean.dirt and disease go______________ ,you know.
a.from time to time b.hand in hand
c.step by step d.one after another
提示:hand in hand除了表示“手牵着手;一起”外，还可用于比喻。例如:war and misery go hand in hand.战争和苦难永不分开。故选b项。
答案:b
(2)—he is preparing for the meeting.shall we_______________ a hand to him?
—had better not.he always lets no one else have a______________ in it.
a.put;hand b.lend;mind
c.give;foot d.lend;hand
提示:句意为:“他正在准备会议，咱们去帮帮他好吗？”“最好别去，他一向不让人插手他的事。”
答案:d
句型
1.表语/地点状语提前的倒装句型
讲:注意观察下面教材原句:
(1)buried with him were the tools of a hunter or warrior.
猎人或是武士的工具跟他埋在一起。
(2)next to them lay a cushion stone,upon which the man could work metal.
在它们的旁边放着一块垫东西的石头，这个人有可能在上面锻造金属。
以上两句都是全部倒装用法:(1)当表语形容词置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语＋连系动词＋主语”。(2)当地点状语位于句首时，结构为“地点状语＋谓语＋主语”。
例:gone are the days when they could do what they like to the chinese people.
他们能对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
so cool is the actor that many people like him.
这位演员太酷了。很多人喜欢他。
happy will be the man who helps others.
帮助别人的人都会快乐。
around his neck were two snakes.
他的脖子上缠着两条蛇。
on the top of the mountain stood an old temple.
山上有座旧寺庙。
in the box are toys,books and many other things.
箱子里有玩具，书籍和其他东西。
链接•提示
倒装的几种情形:
(1)在表示方向、地点的副词或介词短语开头的句子里，如here，there，out，in，up，down，away等，如果主语是名词，采用全部倒装，以示强调。
here comes the bus.
公共汽车来了。
out rushed the children.
孩子们跑了出去。
(2)“only+状语”放在句首时，采用部分倒装语序。
only in this way can you improve your listening.
只有用这种方法你才能提高你的听力。
(3)含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时，采用部分倒装语序，如never,not,not only,little,seldom,hardly等。
not until yesterday did i receive his letter.
直到昨天我才收到他的信。
(4)由so,neither,nor开始的句子，表示前面的情况也适用于另一个人或物时。
he has never been abroad,neither have i.
他没出过国，我也没有。
(5)在so/such...that结构中，so或such放在句首时。
so proud was he that he never listened to any advice.
他太自负了，从来不听别人的劝告。
(6)as引导的让步状语从句中，被强调部分放在句首。这时要注意:①名词前不用冠词；②形容词最高级前不用the。
child as he is,he is very polite.
他尽管还是个孩子，却很懂礼貌。
youngest as she is,she studies best in the class.
尽管她年龄最小，但她是班里学习最好的。
(7)虚拟条件句中省略if时，were,had或should提到主语前。
were i you,i would not let him go.
＝if i were you,i would not let him go.
如果我是你，我就不让他走。
练:(1)（广东模拟）______________ ,carolina couldn’t get the door open.
a.try as she might b.as she might try
c.she might as try d.might she as try
提示:as引导的让步状语从句常用倒装结构。
答案:a
(2)(天津模拟)they have a good knowledge of english but little _________ they know about german.
a.have b.did c.had d.do
提示:否定副词little位于句首时，句子采用部分倒装;再根据but之前的分句判断应用一般现在时态。
答案:d
(3)(上海模拟)never before_________________ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.
a.has this city been b.this city has been
c.was this city d.this city was
提示:否定副词never位于句首时，采用部分倒装语序。
答案:a
(4)(重庆模拟)_________________,he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.
a.a quiet student as he may be
b.quiet student as he may be
c.be a quiet student as he may
d.quiet as he may be a student
提示:as引导的让步状语从句常用倒装结构；当作表语的单数可数名词位于句首时，名词前不用冠词。
答案:b
(5)(辽宁模拟)in the dark forests________________ ,some large enough to hold several english towns.
a.stand many lakes b.lie many lakes
c.many lakes lie d.many lakes stand
提示:表示地点的介词短语位于句首，且主语是名词时，句子采用全部倒装。
答案:b
2.it is/was+时间名词+when...
讲:注意观察下面教材原句:
it was four o’clock in the afternoon when he and his grandpa reached the museum in guanghan,where an official warmly received them.
当他和爷爷到达广汉博物馆时，时间已是下午4点了，在那儿一位官员热情地接待了他们。
在“it is/was+时间名词+when...”中，when引导的是时间状语从句。
例:it was early morning when we got home.
我们到家时，时间已是凌晨了。
was it 1949 when our hometown was liberated?
我们家乡解放的时间是1949年吗？
该句型为强调句型，强调时间状语。
was it in 1949 that our town was liberated?
我们家乡是在1949年解放的吗？
is it tomorrow afternoon that we will home the meeting?
我们是在明天下午开会吗？
链拉•提示
(1)it is/was+时间副词/介词短语+that...
(2)it is/was+一段时间+since...自从……以来有一段时间了
该句型中用is，则since从句中用过去时；若用was，则since从句用过去完成时。注意:since从句种用延续性动词与非延续性动词时，所表达的意义不同。比较:
it is two years since he joined the army.(join是非延续性动词)
他参军已有两年了。
it is two years since he smoked.(smoke是延续性动词)
他不吸烟已有两年了。
(3)it is/was/will be+一段时间+before...很久……才……
it was two years before he came back home.
过了两年他才回到家。
it won’t be two years before we meet again.
过不了两年我们就会再见面。
练:(1)it was midnight________________ we reached the little town of princeton.
a.that b.until c.since d.when
提示:when引导时间状语从句。
答案:d
(2)（上海春季模拟）david said that it was because of his strong interest in literature___________ he chose the course.
a.that b.what c.why d.how
提示:本题为强调句型，句中because of部分为被强调部分。把it is/was及空格去掉，剩余的为完整的句子成分，就是强调句型。
答案:a
(3)it was at 9:00 sharp on oct.12______________ china launched its second manned space flight,sending two astronauts into earth orbit on an expected five-day mission.
a.that b.when c.before d.since
提示:考查强调句型。it is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分“为强调句型；强调人时可用that或who强调其他则只能用that。
答案:a
(4)—take a cigarette,please.
—no,thanks.it’s three years_____________ i smoked.
a.before b.since c.after d.when
答案:b
辨析
1.complete,finish,end
(1)词义方面:finish是一般用语，常用于完成日常活动，有时指“吃完”;complete是较正式的用语，常用于完成预定的任务、工程、建设等，有时含有“使……变得完整起来”的意思;end是指“结束”或“终止”某项活动，不强调该活动是否圆满完成。
(2)结构方面:finish后接名词、代词或动名词形式;complete后接名词或代词;end后接名词或介词短语。
(3)词性方面:finish和end还可用作不及物动词，complete不可，但是complete可以用作形容词，意为“完整的，全部的”,用作表语或定语。finished可以用作表语或定语。
即时练习:
(1)this term will_____________ in july.
(2)when you_____________ reading the novel,can you lend it to me?
(3)they_____________ the evening with a few songs.
(4)we started off immediately after we had_____________ our breakfast.
(5)fill in the blanks with the missing words and_____________ the sentences.
(6)is the story he told a_____________ one?
答案:(1)end (2)finish (3)ended (4)finished (5)complete (6)complete
2.clothing,clothes,cloth,dress
(1)cloth指做衣服用的材料(布料、毛料、丝绸等)，它是物质名词，不可数，没有复数形式，但cloth指“具体用作的布”时，是可数名词。例如:he bought a piece of cloth and make a table cloth.他买了块布料做了一个桌布。
(2)clothes往往指各种衣服，包括外套、西装、衬衣、裤子、裙子、鞋、帽等。不指单件衣服。它既不能用作单数，也不能和表示具体数目的数词连用。不能说:a clothes,six clothes,但可以说many(these,a few,my)clothes，作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
(3)clothing 是衣服、服装的总称，集体名词，只有单数形式，是区别于其他事物的抽象概念。作主语时，谓语用单数形式。例如:food,clothing and shelter衣、食、住。
可以说an article of clothing;a piece of clothing a piece of clothing(一件衣服)，但不能说a suit of clothing,而要说a suit of clothes(一套衣服)，又如:
a factory that makes children’s clothing.
一家生产童装的厂家。
our clothing protects us from the cold.
衣服使我们免受寒冷。
(4)dress指外面穿着的衣服，有修饰的意味。尤指女子的连衣裙及某种特殊场合下穿着的服装(礼服)，这时dress是可数名词。
即时练习:
(1)how much________________ does it take to make a coat for the child?
(2)one by one he took out the books and wiped them with a duster________________ .
(3)all of her________________ were made by her mother.
(4)he had to buy a good many________________ .
(5)a coat is an article of________________ .
(6)she looks pretty in her pink summer________________ .
答案:(1)cloth (2)cloth (3)clothes (4)clothes (5)clothing (6)dress
诱思：实例点拨
【例1】(湖北模拟)they started off late and got to the airport with minutes to__________ .
a.spare b.catch
c.leave d.make
提示:句意为:他们动身晚了，到达机场时只剩下几分钟了。to spare是个固定搭配，意思是“剩余的”。如:i caught the train with only a few seconds to spare.(我在离开车只剩下数秒钟时赶上了火车。)
答案:a
讲评:对于词义辨析题，除了分清词义，还要多掌握一些固定短语的含义。
【例2】(安徽模拟)that was really a splendid evening.it’s years________________ i enjoyed myself so much.
a.when b.that
c.before d.since
提示:“it is/has been+一段时间+since...”表示某一动作或状态从结束时起到现在或另一过去时间为止的若干时间。这一动作或状态的结束是以since从句表示出来的。题干中since从句用了延续性动词，表示该动作的结束。句意为:今天晚上过得太好了，我已经有好几年没这么高兴了。
答案:d
讲评:since 从句用延续性动词与非延续性动词时的意义不同，要注意区分。
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