从心理学角度看文学翻译中的误解
姓名:王兰申请学位级别:硕士
专业:英语语言文学·翻译理论与实践
指导教师:蒋坚松
20040401
摘要/误解在翻译中是比较常见的,而文学文本由于其固有的特点,更使得译者发生误解的可能性大火增加。误解主要源于作者和读者的距离。因为文本一旦完成,作者和读者之间就会有间距。译者在阅读时“得不到作者的回应。相反,书本会将写作和阅读两种行为分离开来,使其缺乏交流。读者不会参与写作,作者也不在阅读行为中。”(刘宓庆200l:398)在这种情况下,一切全靠译者运用已有的知识技能,透过解读获得理解。这个过程中所碰到的障碍,不管明显与否都有可能导致误解。)叫传统的翻译理论往往将焦点集中在翻译结果,要么把译者假设为理想中的译者。这些理论都忽略了译者作为有意识的人,活动往往受到大脑思维活动的控制,译者在翻译中也必然有自己的心理活动并受多种心理机制的作用。本文就是将注意力转而集中在译者上,通过接纳心理学这门研究主体活动的学科的某些范畴来审视翻译过程的理解,从“误解”这一角度入手,阐释心理因素是如何介入原作的理解,并最终导致误解。引言部分从总体上介绍了误解现象,在文学翻译中研究这一现象的意义,以及本文的写作目的。这一部分还讨论了误解和误译的区别,以及阐释学所讨论的误解和从心理学角度来讨论的误解的差异。第…章列举了几种有影响力的翻译过程模式,并分析了各自的优势和不足。/这一方面为理解是翻译的基础这一命题提供了有力的证据,另一方面,从几种模式的变化自然而然过渡到本文的论证角度。本文是从认知心理学来讨论翻译的理解过程,提出文学翻译中的理解应包括对原文语义的认知以及对原文的审美认知×。第二章为全文提供了理论依据。在现代认知心理学的观照下,借用其核心概念“感知觉”、“格式塔”、“图式”、“思维”、“想象”和“推理”,探讨了翻译理懈的…些心理机制。第三章专门论述了误解这一文学翻译中经常遇到的现象是如何发生的。这种分析是按照第二章所论述的心理运行过程和一些心理机制并引用实例来完成的。本文逐个分析了译者在感知觉、思维和合成各个心理阶段出错的原因。其中最主要的原因是由于定势,定势在最小最大原则的指导下延续,就会影n向到思维阶段各个心理机制的运行,最终发生误解。结论部分指出误解不仅有以上分析的心理原因,还有一些造成其心理原因的深层客观因素。这些凶素是和译者的外语习得方式有关,所以对于译者进行专门的培训是相当必要的。文章最后提出了一些可以减少文学翻译中误解的策略。关键词:误解感鳟掌胀思推合般ff7』\、,彳j专凝、ijAbstractMiscomprehensionismoreliablecoac()m11】onphenomenonintranslation.ItjshappeninIitcl’aryLrallsIationfOrthecharacte“sticsofliterarytexts.1tmainlystems厅omthedistancebetweenthewriterandthereadel_becausewhenatextisl{】]ished.thereisnotadistancebetweentheauthorandLhereader.“Thewritcl_doesrespondtothereade-Rather,actthebookdiVjdescheactofw1.jtingandtheofreadingintotwosides,betweenwhich山ereisactnocommunication.Thereaderisabsentfortheofwriting;thewriterisabsentaf.ortheactofreading.(文4互j庆Loactivate2001:398)”Insuchsituation,itise11tirelvtouptothetranslatoraUhisabilityandknowledgeinterpretandfInallyattajncomprehensionor。fthetext.Duringthisprocess,obstacles,explicitimplicit,willoRen1eadtomiscomprehension.However,traditionaI仃anslationthe01.iesusuallvf.ocustheirattentiononthetranslationproductsorprcsumetranslatorsaasideal.Thesetheoriesignorethefactthatthet阳nslator,asmanwithconsciousness,hastobetocomrolledbyhismind;thatthercforeheisbecontro王ledbysomepsych0109icalfacultiesintheu’anslatingprocess.Thetargetofthisresearchisturnedf’romthetranslationDroducttothetransIatorhimselfbvempIoyingpsycho】ogy,asubjectstudyingtheactivitiesofsubjects.ByadoptingtheperspectiVeof“miscomprehension",thispaperintendstoexpioreh()wpsychologicalsourcefactorsinter士、erewiththetranslator’scomprehensionoI’thetext,nnallyleadingtomisconlprellensioninstudyonliterarytranslation.Therefbre,thistopicisofunusualsignmcance.Thethesisconsistsofthreechaptersinadditionandatoanaintroductionideaofconclusion,ThethenntroductiongoesonbeginswithgeneraImiscomprehension,Lodi行brentiatemistransIationandmlscomprehenslon,andmlsc0111p1'chcllslond】scussedi11perspecti、7eandthatinthisresearchisalsoaahcllneneutjcpsych【)】()gjcalpcrspective.Thesignincanceofpresemcd.s0111eChaptel’0neintroducesinnuentialmodelsofthetranslationactsnotprocess,andanaIyzestheil-111erhsanddemeritsrespectivelyThison}yasanargumentthatcomprehensionisthebasisfortransl虬ion,butalsopointsaheadtothepe】.spectiveofoul.discussion.Wewilldiscussnottexton】ythe1inguisticcognitionhLllajsotheaestheticcognitjonofthewithmeoreticalsupportfr01ncogn.Ljvcpsych0109y.ChapterTi^,oproVidesthethcoreticall、oundationofthisthesis.InthelightofcognitiVepsych0109y,thischapteremploystheconceptssuchascorewon‘ing“sensation”.“pcrception”,“gestalttoperception”,“schema”,“thinking’,“imagination”and“inference”discussthefacultiesandoperationsundcrlyingthecomprehensionprocess.ChapterThJ.eeexp】ofesonhowmiscoInpl‘e11ensioninljterarytranslationtakespIace.BasedthediscussionofChapter’rwoandwithillustraLiVeexamples,thec|1a阻erasexpoundsmiscomprehensionindiff色rentopera“onstagesuchsensation,perception,thillkingandaresynthesis,inwhichsetandtheinnuenceofmininlaxprinciDlemainreasonstheformiscomDrellcnsi【1n.occurs1nConcIusjonthew1.iterp()i11tso小thalmiscomprehensionnotonl)1fbl‘psycho】ogicalreasolls,bueisalsocausedbyobjectivefhctors.SomeofthesefactorsconcemLhcmeLhodoffOreign1anguageacquisition,whichs110wthatspecialtrainjllgfOrwould_betranslatorsarenecessar)j.Moreo、7er,Somestrategiesarcp叭forwardtohelpreducemcpossmmtyofmisconlprchellsionin11tcrarvt1’anslaLjon.KeyWords:miscompl_chensio九thnlkingsynthesisscnsationandperceptionschemaIntroduc“onAswekno、V.theprocessottranslatloncanbedlVldedintotwostages:comprehensionandexpressionOnlywithcancorrectcomprehensiontheoriginaltextbefaithfu【lyconveyed.Expressionisthegoalofcancomprehension,t’oronIybyt、aithrulexpressionbeencomprehended.Ofcourse,therejsnoweconveywhathascle8rdi、ridinglinebetweenthetwostagesofcolnprehensionandexpressionbecausethetranslatoroRenconsidersabouthowLoexpresshisunderstanding()ftheoriginalinaanotherlanguageatthecomprehcnsionstageandtriestogainfullerunderstandingoftheoriginalatt11eexpressionstage、Thusthetwostagesinnltrateandsupplementeachother.Astatecon.ecLcomprehensionwilIleadCoagoodtranslation.SomeeventhatagoodtranslationisnothingelsebuttheverbaIizationoftrueatone’scomprehensionprocesses.Thisseems1eastforcaseswheretheworldknowledgeandtheculturalexpectationsofsource。textreadersandta唱et—readersarefairlysimilar.Whentheydit、fer’t}1eremightbethreeonepossibmties.Thenrstcomprehensionofthetargetreaders.Thisisisthattranslatorslnayhavetoadapttheirtexttosourcetheneedsandexpectationsoftheseeninthetranslationofsomemovies’n锄es:爿九dgoalistoattract上扣GOPs0"…istranslatedimo《春风吹又生》;Bd砌,曙BP口“砂into《出so水芙蓉》:弧据,Acrinto《修女也疯狂》.Thetranslator’smorepeopletowatchthemoviesheadaptedtheori2inalnamestomeetthecultureprefbrenceoftheChinese.Inaddition,thetextmavbejntentionallymistranslatedbythctranslatorwhohasbetweenthetomaketheachoicetwototallydiff色rcntculturesbehindtore5Dectivelanguagcs(谢天振,1999:201).Ifa1rallslatorwantsuseintroducesomenewculturalmodel,hemayintentionallysomeunusualcxDressivewavignoringtheaesthetkpreferenccinKsnation.Themostconvincingexampleis|三zraPound.a1eadingngureofthemovementofima£istpoetr)7u’h()wasgreatlyfascillatedwiththedeviceofparallelismand_iLIxtaposjtj。11ofi【nagesL£sedinchineseclassjcalpoctl、Y,Poundappreciatedthepi¨ngupandIilles±}omwhichunltetoonecan1】LLxLapositionaofdistinctimagesindifkrentnndrancifulanalogyin111usic,andLheima2estosuggestanimagewhichisd;f弛rentboth.InLiBai‘sDoem.renderedintotheVersion“抽刀断水水更流,举杯消愁愁更愁”wassorrowagain“[)rawingsword,cutintowater,watel’againflows;Raisecup,quenchson’oⅥfIson.ow.”“荒城空大漠”istranslatedjnto“Desolatecastle,thesky,thcwidedesen”.Thiskjndofword—f-01・一wol・dtranslationintoEngIishwithoutconsidel_ationf.01’thegrammaticalruleofChineseandEnglishpuzzledthew()rld.LoThethirdsituationisthatmisc01nprehensionarisesandleadsT11enrsttwonotdueto111istranskltion.cases,Lhou曲de、,iatingfromtheo吨inalmeanin譬’aremisc0111prehension.MistranslaLionisnota】waystheresultofmlscomprehenslon.Itmaya“seinbothcomprehensionandexl)ressjon.、Ⅱiscolllprehensionisone()fthesaJneasreasonsofmistranslationbutnotthemistranslation.a】.eInthlsresearch,the矗rsttw()casesnotourta毽et.Ⅵ电、vjllprobeintotheconlprehensionprocesst11alleadstomistrallslaLjon.sonlenlayassumethatacc01‘dingtoherIneneuticsareadercanfreelv11na91nea11dcompl.ehendthetcxlhercads,sodel'ivationrromtheori坚inalnleanlngtranslato。n1t1’anslatlonhasnotlsunaVoidabIemucllActually,asasauniquereader'thereaderson’eedolllwithathecommonnottoinorcompl’ehension.e11IertamUndoubtedl)7,purposeappreciaLebu㈠otranslate,thecompl‘ehensionintrans㈨ononreauiresamoreth0110ughandmeticulousunderstandingofthetext订1ancommon1‘ead工ngactWltleslI.anslat01’sough¨(1c、7cngetwellinfornledaljelementsthusthei110mtheLexta11dsometinlcsLhoseoulofthetext:comprellenslonforthepul.】30sc()rtrallsjationisnluch111。l,epainstakingandc0111prehcnsjvethanotllerkindsorc01nprehension.ontheotherhand,translatorsshouldtryto1imithjsassubjectiveimerpretationinhistransla“on,lcavingasmuchroompossibleforhistarget一1anguagereaderstoilnagincandmakinghisworksper士、ormmesaTnefunctionastheST.InfactthetransIatororcannotaVoidaddinghisownexpIanatjonsresultinginnarrowingexpandingthelneaningoftheareSTtosomeextent.Butn’eed0111andfa“hl、uInessasinterdependentconceptionsandfaithf’ulnessisthchasiswellasprovidesthechanceofthetranslator’sf}eechoice.’11hetranslationprocessdependsupontheoriginalchoice;text,whichconsiderablyrestrictsthetranslator’sfteedomoflheraryotherwisetralls㈨onwillshownodifference矗omIiterarycreation.Atthesametimc,thetrans【atorhasmorefreedomintheexpressionprocess;hecanchoosewhatheassumestobethebestwaytoexpresswhat11ehasunderstood.NeVcrtheIess,themajntoprjncjplesofphilosophicalhemeneuticsasproVidenewperspectiVesreconsiderproblemsin七ranslationsuchmisunderstanding.FromitspointofView,misunderstandingcomesfromhistoricalinterpretation.Atranslationisonlyaproductoftheprejudiceofitsownage,fortlletranslator’sh01.{zon,whichislimitedbyhisage,canneVerbethesameastheauthoIJs.HistoU,howeVer'providesdifkrenttranslatorswithLexL.ahjstoricaHysituatedopportunjtiestoreinterpret,reevaluateandretransla上ethesamcThispaperisnottodiscussthecomprehensionprocessinhistoricalbutinapsycho【ogicalperspectivc.Itisotoaanalyzethedynamicmentalliterarytextprocessfatranslatorincomprehendinginordertowatchhowmiscomprehensiontakesplacc.Translationisanabstractconceptjonenc01npassingboththeprocessoftranslatingandtheproductoft11attheoryismain】yfocusedonprocess(Bell,199l:13),T11anslationarethetwoaspects,buttheyonenotequa】Jytreated.“0urpresentsituation,howcver,isinwhichtranslationtheor)has,IblIthcmostpal-L,conccntraLedontheproducLtotheexclusionofthepl‘ocessandhasadoptedanol‘matiVeanitudeLojtb>’makinginferencesbacktoitthroughthedescriptionmldevaluatiolloftheweshouldanributethistooul'Ion2一terrnstudy.Howeve-product.”(Bell,1991:13)Maybclinguistic—riddenenoughtoappr。achaint1^anslationthjsisnotestabnshC.c0111pIetet1.anslationtheorV.TheRussiant1・anslat王onstatedintheoristⅡ.乃。臼订sZ“,?。圩Bapxy皿apoBhasLhenaturehisbook上以,7鼻“d定它臼,?dstudiesistothatoftranslationdescribethetfans】ationproccssscientincally.thatitsmaintaskistonlodelthiscanprocess.Thedescriptionandexp】anati()nofthetranslatjonprocessproVidesomecluetohowtranslatorsworkduringtranslatingandhelptofindsolutionfOrtheirproblems;atthesametime,thebasicsocioculturalpositionandValuesystelllofthetral】slatorasanindividualshouldbetoatakenintoconsideratjon.Then“thescienceoftranslationattelllDtsestablishc0111prehensiveintcrac“onalLocategoriesandtodeveloDVerinabIerepresentationalsystellldescribeandexplainthepl・ocessandresLlltsoftranslation.This1’cpl‘eselltatjonaIsystelllnlaybecharacterizedasanobjectincationofrcnectionsontheproblenlaticsoftranslatjon”(Wjlss,2000:846).’rhiskindof111ental11athel‘thanprocessiLselfisessentiallvphysicaLo11hispaper11astwob ̄}ectivcs.-Ihenrstobjectjveistos】]owhowtopsychologicalfacultiesopel’ateinthctranslatol‘’smind.Acc01.ding1119arden.despitethe‘cognition’ofthesanleaconsideI。abledivel-sityaofliteFaryworks,areevervliteraryworkhasst()ckofoperationswhichnoLalwavsinaI】t11csediVersecascs,iritisclrcLlmstances.disturbedjstoorinterruDtedbvaexternalTheansec011d01巧ectiveLoofreI.detailedanalysisandexplanationinancn、onexploreho、、rmiscolnprehension.unneligiblefactinliterarytI.anslaLion.takesDlace.ChapteroncComprehension,astheIjasist.orTranslationT1ansl娟onisnotavisibIc,nxednloreDrocessbutan1nvismleonewitha10tofvarietieswhichneedproducL.Butthisdidef下brtsthanthestudyofthctranslationLhet11coristst}omcxploringt11cprocessnotprevenLandconstructingtranslationnlodcls.Thctranslationprocesshasbeeninthe1^esearchpastyears.Sothroughjntel.discipiinarygreatlydevelopedflrstofa11wearetoreviewsollleinflLlcncingprocessm()dels.1.1Nida’sModelNidathoughtthatthedircctsystcmottranslatlnglsnotaccurateenoughtodesc“bethenatureof1jn星ui蛆jcstrucmreandwhat11appenedinatranslationbecausethecompetcnttranslatoracluallygoesthroughseemingjyroundaboutprocessofanalysis,transf色tandrestl_ucturingAccordingtoprocess—i¨us”aledNida(1969:34),thephasesinvolVedi11thetranslationTransfe^AnaIysis,asRestructuring…canbeschematicallyfbl】ows:RECEPTORLANGUAGErextSOURCELANGUAGErexlAHa【vskInme一nrstphase,text▲一analyzesRfs}flcjurjf目the咖nsl缸orthemessageofthesource一1anguage“intoitssimplestandstructurallycle甜est『Orms.TheanalysisoftheSLhasthl’ccaspects:留ammaticaI,referential—semantic,andconnotatiVe.h1“1egralnnlaticalanalysis,surfacestmcturesaretranst、ormedbackintokernels.南1lowingearlytransformationalgeneraLiVegrammar.TheI‘e疋11cntia】semallticanalysisdelimitsthepotentialrangeofnleaningof1exjca】items,sothattheil.specifjcnleanmginthe1.espectivecontextcanhecxact】vdetected.TheanalvsjsoftheisconnotatjVeconlponentormeanjl]gp1_imarilyastylisticoneandcompriseseVeI了Iinguisticunitn1()111thesoundsa11dsoundconngurationstotheentiredjscourse.TItansf.c11isthcsecondDhaseinthetraJlslationonprocess.noperatesthe1eVelo广thekernelsornear—kemels.InU1ethirdand1astphaseofthetranslationp11()cess,thekerJlelstransfa】-redi11tothetarget—IanguageTherearearctransfbt.】nediI]tosLll’facesn’uctures.solnede^cjencicsinNida’s1110del.First.thenotionoftotokemelasusedbyNidaisno、Vhercdeflnedandremainsvague.Itis1efttothetranslator’sdiscretionspljtcomplexstructuresdeLemlinckernelsandnear—kcrnelsandsimpIeones.intowhichleadtodiflleremtransIationsamongdif琵renttranslators.What’smore,memethodofsoback—transfOrmationisusedwhcntheSI。textissvntacticallvt11a【ithindel’sthetransl乱orfl^omimerpretingitscomDlexmeaning(wol建angre£ardedasI。ejrscher,199l:l7).Seco九d,thiscanstillbeano、TersimplincationofthetransIaLionprocess.ForthediscreLenessofthethreephasesandtheirstricLtelllp()ralsuccessjonseemreality.nottobcfbundin1.2Kade’sModelKade’smodelsituatesHe11‘anslationwithinahamcworkaofcommunicationLheory.disLillguishesbetweennarrow,micro—linguisticc()nceptoftranslatjon,whichrestrictsitselftothechangeorcodefromSLtoTL,anda、vidcr,c()lnmLInication—theoreticaIconceDtoft1’ans】alionwhichisl‘eprcsentcd1991:1()1ast1]efblIf)wingFig:】.2(L6rscher,Accordingtothismodel,t1.anslaLionc0111prisespa九ofpllaseI,i.e.thedecodingoft|1eSLtextbyL11et1’anslatorasreceiVer,thewholeofphaseII.i.e.thechangeorcodco』’tjleSLlI.1)textbythen’anslator(U),andpartofphascIII,j.cthctI‘anslator’sreallzationortheSLtext’smessageintheTLtext士’011theTI。recciVer.H(Fig:卜二)IIIHoweVer.similarbeatoNjda,Kadeconsldersthetranslationprocessnotosuccessionofthreepartialprocesses,butheg沁esinformanonabouthowtJletranslationb“ngsaboutthjschangeofcode.NothingissaidaboutthementaloperationsoftcxtprocessingtakingpIac0inthemindofthetranslatorwhens/hel’eceivestheSLtext,organizesitintoLInitsoftranslation,transfcrsLhemintothetarget—Ianguage,andthusDroducestheTLtext.1.3HoImes’ModelJamesS.Holmespresentcdatwo—mapt、、70planetexc—ranktranslationmodels(Fig:l一3).1nmistext—rankmodel,H01T】1essuggestednlatthetranslationofliterarytextstakcsplaceontwopkLnes:aaserialplane,whereonetransIatessentencebysentencc.andabstractsstructuraIplane,onwhjchononea“lnap”(mentalconception)oftheoriginaItext.ThentheusesbasjsofthisMap(MapTSI)heasadcVelopsasecondm印(MapTtl)andtotestthesecondmapkindofgencralcriterionagainstwhicheachsel]tencedul’1ngthefbrmulatj()northcne、utranslatedtext.0fthethree。ulesets・thetlrst-thatofthedcIi、,ation九J1esfDR).deten耵jnesthe、^,avjnteXtwhlchmetransla协abstracthisrnaI]o川1eusesOurcetextfromt11eitselfandthethjrd,thatofheprojectionI.LJ】es(PR),detcrminesthemapofthep1‘ospectivetar2eLwa、,inwhichinordertoormakes01‘histexttormulaLethetexLwhilethcm缸chlllgseco吣thatironeofcol’respondencerulcsfCRlrules(MR)~or,maD.p11c1、ers,equivalencerules(ER)…lIlapdetermlllesthe、Vayinwhich11cdeVelopshistarget—textsOUrCe—tcxtrromhissln站fDlanetextLIalprocessmgDlaneSsenaJDlane/IsITeⅫD1a11e(H芒:}Tsp3。“眦一18曙18叠e忙xt:Ttl气扑1a唧a坚c蚴:Di{=捌v痂”川es:cR:c。㈣pofldence『L11es:PI{一proiectionr¨1esH‘’1111es‘nlodelisthreeafbl’t1]crstcpfbrward,sillcehehassDecinedap11ase81111nt1]ctransf’crringp1’ocess,ofwhicht11esecondisauni。ueoperatlontranslatjon.1nthi8p11l’aseL11etranslatordevelops111apbynleanstar鼋et—textmaptr01nh1880urce。text1sofc01_11espondencerules.YethismentaIprOcessinQ1110dels‘1jIbasedonlingLlisticschelllaLa,lea、,ingtheu11touched・What‘smore,11isidea()ftwonlapsis‘nel‘e1s110hardI¨铷ablesincee、,Jdencea、,aijabJeL()cJassi夸thesetwomapsofthementalrepresentation.nisperhapsapplicablcone’stotheprocessofLranslaCing疗oInreVerscmothertonguetoaaf’oreignlanguage.Asfor也etoone’scase.i.e.distinct士、romfbreign】anguage1nothertongue,thereisnotranskrellceoftwomaps.1.4Bell’sModelAnevenmoreforw甜d吼cpintMsm_eaismadebyaRoger.T.Bell(199【)whohasconductedoftranslationprovidingasysLematicstudyaonther丁1entalprocessmodclprescntedinmoresubstantialmanner.Inthistransknionmodel,hehascxploredthe1nentalprocessillgstage,whichheexpIainsasmeinvolvclnenLofLhe“analysjs”orthesourcelanguagetext,the“orgallizationoftheseman“crepresentations”oftheindividualclausesintoani11tegraLedschemawhjchcontainsthewh01eoftotheinf-01.1.11ationthereaderhasbccnableaccumulateinthecourseofread呈ngthetext.R()gerBeUhasdrawn矗omcognitiVescienceandlocatedhismodeloftranslatingwithjnthemodelofhumaninfbrnlation—processin昏andthusgonedeepintotheHanslator’smentalprocessingofLhetextattheinteTmcdi砒cstage,asnlustratedin行gl一4.RDgerBeIlhasundoubtedlyproVidedinsightintoadarkerareaandadvancedasuea『tdealntheoreticalstudvofthementalactivitiesin—厂丫7、厂』sens07y^卜踟㈣”√》/《>SensoryinformationsystenlLong—tel。n1MemorySystcmCODHSanS广rORESdataACCESSS下MdatabasetranslationDroccssButhchas瞻iledtoaccounta№rfeaturesartcharacLel.izingliteraIytransIaLj()n.IngardenhassaidisaIiterar)workofresuh(1fLheparticularactiviL)。ofthecreativeactsp1.oducingthem.Oncethecreativcinten“onali“ha“husbeenacmalized,itbec(1mestoaacertaindegreebindingt、0rus.wcmustsomereasondlustourselVestolt;or,ifforitdoesnotasaLisf、us,wemusttransformit.orfunherdeveloDit,b~meansofncwc1’cativeact.1.5ABriefSummaryAsshownbvthefourmodclsdiscussedabovewhichclaimtocapturethetranslatjonprocess,U1cperspectiVesofTesearchhaVeshi矗edf}om1inguisticstocommunicati()ntheoryandthentopsych0109y.Theflrsttwomodelsdescribes()mecomponentsofananoptimaltranslationbyasidealtranslat()r.Thedynal砷icsofthetranslationprocessanalargelymentalactjviLyofcannotindividualwitharcnotexpIained.Thetranslationprocessofcompletencssbedescribedaanydegreewithintheaframew01.1(ofmodeIs110ws11neaL1enoo—rightdecoding/encodingmodcl.Suchtoolittlediff-ercnLia“on.HdoesnotdojusLicetotheinantranslatoi|‘sc()譬nitiveachievelnenL,citherinhandlingt11etheproductionoransourcetextoracceptablctargeLtext.ItalsodoesnotgiVeadequatepicnlreofthementalc()Inplcxityofthetranslationprocess.Amostsystematicmodelisdoneh)+ljcllwhohasstudieda1]integratedmodeloftheproccssonthebuildingofo九ransl嘶。扎Thisisasetwithinamoregeneralmodc】of11umaninfi)rnlation—Processingandsystemictheoryoflanguagefbrmand1anguageuscbutgiVen1ittleconsidcrationoftheaestheticsandcultureelementsjnU1is"1’()cess.Inconsideringthejssue,L111.ccpointssh。uldhcemphasized.First,comDrehcnsionist11ebasisfbrtrans{乱jon.Ina11ofthescmodelscomprehensioni¨he矗rststep,nom缸terwhat出scjplinaryf1|ameworkistousedt()discussthctranslationpr()ccss.Inthisthesis,IintendexDlorecomprehensionwiththeaimofdccpenillgthcunderstandingofthenamreof‘thcL1.anslationproccssandhelpingtranslatorsreducemiscomDrchension.Second,thestudyofliteraryt11atinVoIVesandartLextsrcquiresanintegratedapproachanotonlylingLlistica九alysis,butals()byastudyofaestheticscriticism.AsresuIt,aninve吼i譬ationofthemental_processinatranslationwouldrequirestudyofinfbnllationprocessingandcognjtivemechanisms,and,withinthat,astudyoftheaestheticprogressionwiththehelpofaestheticpsychoIogy.InChjna,a】otofsch()Iars】1avelnenIionedaestheticshltin1_110stoccasionst11eyhavefocused011thcacstlleticproblemofcontentandfbrmForexample,YanFu’s“t’aith}、ulness”,。。expressiveness”and“ele鼋ance”.FuLei’“spiritua】s“nilarity’’wel_cputf-orwardastranslationstandards.and】11adeasI。iuMiqingalsohasdollemuchsystematicwork量reatoncomribu“oninthis丘eld.Howevcl_.1lttlcworkhasbeendonevettheresearchinLothetransl乱or’spsych()logyintranslation.Recently,JiangQiuxiahasexploredtheaesthetjcprocessintranslationbyusingthegestaltperception.HoweVerthcgcstaltperceptionis1imitedh1perceptionfaculty,whjcilisnoten()ughaL0dcmonstrateman’spsychoIogyintransiatjon,whichisbasicallyprocessoft11inking.Third,cognitiVepsychoI(19yjsthcscientincstudyofthethinkingmindandisconcemedwithhowweaLtendtoand2aininformationabouttheworId,howthatinformationissLoredandprocessedbythebrajnandhowwesolVeproblems,think,andfbl_lnu】ate1anguage.(RobertI。.SoIso,2001:2)TheessenceastudyofthepsychoIogyofthecomprehensionprocessisinLranslato】.T11edescriptionofthetranslator’scanstudyof£hecognitiVeandaestheticprocesstodeve】ophisconlpetenceandhelphnndo11isworklTloreefncienL】v.ChaptcrTh’oAnaI)7sisoftheC(1mprchensionProcessf'l’omaPsycholt)gicalPcrspectivcWjlss(2000:849)pointed()ut:‘’ifexplalnt1’ansIatlonwedecidedtodescribeandfraIneworkofaI-eprocesseshylneansofacognitive。epresen‘atlonandto1egitimation,thishasmeaningonlyifwepreDared1nVestlgatetheseprocessesi11acc()1'dancewithoperationalconcepts.,,lhepresel]tstudywilltrytodcscribcsoInepsychologicaloperationsbvanaJyzlngoperatlonstranslatlonproductsInt11ccomprehensionpr【】cesssuch1ncludesensation,pcl’cepLi(m,thinkillg,schema,sVnthesis,1ma91natlon,and1nf毫rence.Beforcwcanalyzethem,somepsvch0102icalmodelsoftextprocessingwillbcdiscusscd.2・1PsychologicalModelsof’rcxtComprehensionIn。eVlewlngthehlstojyorpsychologywe“ndthatt11erea1℃three1110dels01text7”,。7。臼cfnlPconlprehellsion:,叫)一如vp门1110del,60rf。玎7一z,pmodeland1110del-nappeal‘st11atwhijcpurelybottom.u1]modelsoftextcomprcllenslonhaVebeenpurelypr()posed(c.g.,LaBergeregal’dedasandSaITluels】974).Lop—do帅1110delsbytextualareinlplausible.上Jul’eJybott0111一up】110delsclail砷thalcomprehcnsionisexclusivelvreatul‘es.s01ncdetel‘mlnedproce5ses,‘r11ese10wareperccived1anguageby1)erceptualwhlchtriggerlevelc01Tlprehension11avedoneprocesse5(e・g-,p1'oduresfor1exjcal‘helr.}oh,1ntumsetoffsemanuc—aaccess),which,aRerthevandp1-agmaticasprocesses(svntac比proc汕Ircs,respecti、,e叭Ateaclllevel.scrjcsofjli曲crlevelprocedu。etakemeiri叩utonl)dataf1.omlowel.1evelprocesses.Ⅵ,hatbonom‘up11]odelssuggestsisnr8ttI埘readingproceedsinthercaseriaImanner:1exicalaccessthel‘earepel’ceptuafpr()ccdu】'cs.thenareprocedul.es.andPLll’cIysoon.top—d()wn1110dels,011t11eothel'hand,arelogicaIlyprocessisimplausibleThescmeoriesclaimLhatt11ecomprellensioncomplecelydriVenbythegoals,knowlcdge,culturaIbackground.etc.ofthereaderandnotbytextuaIin内1.1n缸ion,whichmakesonewonderwhatactuallyismtel甲reted.ThisleaVesPsychologisLsthcPossibilitytoassumesomedegreeofinteraction,inwhichbotllb()Ltonl一upandtop—downprocessesinnuenceeachoLher.“Availablecvidenccsuggests山attextconlprehensionisactuallysomemixtureoftop—downandbottom—upprocesses’’叫.NeVertheless,“theadVantagc()fabottom—upstrategyisthatitislnuchmoreflexiblewhichisusei'L11whendealingwithambiguoustexts.HoweVer.resourcethcdisadVantageisthutt11eprocessingismoretimeandLexttoconsLIming.”(zwaan,1993:151)Tfreadersexpecttheabedeter】ninate,t}1eywill111ainlyareusesLlc11top—downapproachfbrnewsarete)aswhichLIsuallynotarnbiguous,asstoriesandotherscientiflcworks.HoweVer,manyliterarytcxtsambiguous,onemaycIaimthatliterarycomprehensionispred()minantlybottom—up.ReaderswhohavebeenexposedtextstothesetextswilltendtodeVeloptoabottom-upapproachtoconsideredbe1iterary.ThLlswewill丘rstofa“analvzc山etransiator’ssensationandtexts.perceptionof1iterary2.2SensationandPerceptionoftheLinguisticMeaningFrolnpsychologicalpointol、View,ourabilitytorecognizef’amiliartypesofthingsisusaspectacularhulllancharacte“stic.Thisatt“buteallowstorecognizeanoldf“cndinaaseaoffaces,toidentityanentiremLLsicaithernefromfewnoLes.torcadw01.ds,toenjoythetasteofaf一、叫五五[二¨漕慨B哪鸭“ntage姒ne,ortoappreci乱eLhesnleUofarose.Itisac()gnitiVeendowrncntthatwemosLlyef'foll.Thepcl‘l’ormseamlesslHrapidbandwithoutterm“sens乱ion”(Soloso,2001:75)referstotheinⅢa1detectionofene曙yftomthephysicalworjd.Atthebeginningofoul'reading,wenndourseh7escollfrontedwithareai1)assage,ab。ok,avolunleiJltheworldconsisLin譬ofacollectionorpagescoveredwithwrjttenoj'prjntedsensesigns,thusthetIrstthingwecxpericnceistheVisualofthese“signs”.However.assoonaswc“scc”p1’intedsignsandnotdrawings,weaDerformsomethin譬morethan,orTalheTsomethingdi{11eTentfromvisualperception.Thetenn“perccption’’incognitiVe200l:76),onmerepsychojogy(Soloso,theatheotherhand,invo】vcshjgher—ordercognitioninsensorvintemret缸ionofconcen,haveainfonllationWhenwe化adabook,heartastecaViar,weexperlencetarc()l()gne.ormassage,s111ellmorethantheimmediatesenso口stimulation.EachofthesesensoryeventsisDr()cessedwjthillthecontcxttoorourknowledgeoftheworktourpreviousexperiencesgiVemeaningsilnplesensoryexperiences・s01ncPellceptualpsychologistshaVcdcVeIopedtheoricsofhowtheworldjsperceivedbyhul]1an,Onethc【)】‘y,consn’uct;Vepel’cep“on,h01dsthatpeople“construct’’percepti()nsbyactiVelyselectingsthnuliandofconstructiVeperceptionwithsensationsthe。rymemory.r11hemergingisbasedontheno“onthatduringpercc融ionweformandte毗hypothesesonregardillgperceptsbasedbothⅥ7hatwcsenscandwhatweknow.Thus,inthroughourDerceptionisthecombinedefkctofwhats、,stemand、、That、Vhenyouseecolllessensoryv—ehaveleal_ncdab()utthew()rldthlJou錾hcxperience.aaf1’iendapproachingn‘。mdistance,you】1ecognizehijnsoon,a1.ebecausehisf色atures,hisnose.11iseyes.hishairandsensedbybeseenyoul'e),candbecause)'ouhaVcknowlcdgethatheusuallycanatthisti王neatthisplace.You111a)c、jcnbcableLorecognizehinljnspiteofthefadL1]at11emayhaVe坚rownamLl吼acherecentlytoorchangedhishairstylingorisawcaringsun91asscs.AccordingtheconstnLctivists,thebrainhas1.ichsupplyofknowlcdgcabouttheworldandtheuseye(andothersensoryorgans)provjdcswithLherawsensoryinput.Thetheoryisconsjstentwiththeintel’activenlodeloftextcomprehension.FromthispointofVkw,w11enweperceivc1hcwordsonthepageaswearcreading,we“understand”theirmeanjnghccaLIsewehaVeselnantickn【)wIedgeofwhattheymean.InSentenccsentencecomprehellsion(Gleitman,1991:354),thereisaAnalyzingMachinerylSAM)operatjngintermsofoseveralstrategies.Themostimp()rtantfthernismattheprcpositionaIrolesappearintheorder:DOER,ACT,I)0NE—T0.ItiscalledSilllplestFom.rhereisananalogybeLweenlinguisticlneansparaphraseaandaperceptualpercepttoconstancy.Theperceptualc011stancytendencyfbrremain∞nstamcIothcontinuesdeepourdespitechangesjnthcstimulus.ForexaTnple,awhitetoappearwhitewhethcrViewedinbrightsunlightataorinonshade.WhenwelookaLabIetop.thei111agethatactuallyfhlIsshapedependsuseyesistrapczoidwhosccxactonourorientationtothetable..ButshapeconstancyallowstoperceiVetheunchangingarectanguIarshapethatgiVesriseIotheseilnages.Whenfacingvarieqasofsurfacesentences,thelillguisticsystemstillimerpretsthemallcontainingthesalneproposition.ALhcbaln11Ⅶ0sthejawa5h1十I}】e1)a(Fig:2一1)l523TheLawofCIosureandlmagcActualizationWhatdetcnl]mes110wapatLcrnwi1】be01’ganized?Somenct01'sthatdeterminevisualgroupingwerenr吼dcscribedbyMaxWertherime【^,the如undelIofGe吼altPsycho】()g)jthator哩anizationisbasicbraintoasch()olofpsycho】ogy、^7hicllbelieVesa11nlcntalaljofasactivi吼that伽eitreflectst11ewaythehasai、unctions,andmatconceptioncommonchal,actel一istic、i.e.seeingthjngsgroupingfactorsaswhoIcs.Wel-LheimerregardedthesetheIawsofperceptualorganizationthatincludeProximi“,,SiinilaritnandC10surc.(G1eitman,1991:213)A1110n2theln,CIosureⅡ1eans1邯anoftentendstoco】npleteflguresthathavegapsinthem.FoTexampIe,ifshownthepanernsofVisualstimuli.一nlost(Fig:2—2)thcmpeoplewouldre。ognizeLhclTland1’cspec“Velyiabelsquare.Acl。surelikcphcn01nenollyieldscontoursatriangleandasubjectjVecontours.Thefollowing6苎ure(rig:2—3)isLhaLareseen,despiLeL1]efactthattheydon’tphysicallyexi吼.SolnetheoristsinterpretsuhiccLivccontoLIrsasaspccialcascofgoodc011tinuation.Int11ejrvie、^jt11eori呈inalconL(MIrisaseentocontjnucalongitstopath.andifneccssary,jumpsgapoI‘twoachleVethecontinuaLjon.Inreadingatext,theef(-ecLorthisla、vcanalsobeperceiVed.contentII]2ardensajdjn、vorkisareadillg、~jhjch;spI‘opcrlycalTiedout,thequasi—automaticallyi11toanoftheoTganizcdinternallyarecoherent,111eanin坚fUlwh01eofseparatesenLellce】neaningswhichi11del]endentofonec0111pletelyanother.一~Bell(2000:l6)hasillLlstratedthispI.ocessingbythefO【10wingngureAggreates,Consistingofsensorystimuli,areperccivedasWhojes●—‘———’nr’'_______u—————-__-—‘_1____________‘——一’Whosecohesivecharacterisconceptualized’asalSvstemAccordingtoaggregatesjntoareBell,perc叫ionopcratesinthefollowingway:chaoticsensesfcdintot11eInindchoughandarethenc。nvenedinf01.111ation.bearing“wh01es:飞yB。11(2000:二37)alsopLltf、ol’wardt11eprocessesofperception.animagedemonwl蒯1ischarged7wnhthetaskof’conVe九ingstimuIjreceived矗ornthesensor、?s\,stemi11to‘mages・ihlsdemOn“takestheincomlga印egatenotandconve九sonitintoa、、7hoIe_an‘nlage”・HoweVer,Be|1hasnorondiscussedfurthert11edemon.imageitself1act,theonjnI‘’cus№Ⅲnessor№raI)onetexLsrequiresthetmllslatortoonnot‘1nlytheinherentmcaningandgeneraljdeajbuta】sowantstoachieveantheaesthetlcotthe‘heconslstency“王f1nustacstheticapprehensionwo小,oneoRengo胁beyondwhatisactuallycomainedinobJec‘1Vc8‘。a‘umoftheworkintheprocessofportrayed叫ec‘iVities・onemust“c()nc训ze’’thesecellalndegrceob砸i州ngattheaobiects1easttoandwithinh。undariessctbytheworkitself”(1119arden.1973:5()11n。ranslating1sa1iteraryw(岖alsothemosti111porcantelcmentLoconcretlze1tsimage・ImagcVjsualizationisveryimportantinIiterar、『LefeVerea1tran8Jatlon・AndrecJaimedthattranslatorsas。created1111agesofwmr,aⅧ’ErewritersreadersaA11dwhentranslatorsas“saythattheyhaVe‘read‘abook,whattheymeanisthatthe、,havecertaln¨11age・accrtainconstructorthatbookintheirheads.”Tfansla石on.asLekVerepu‘i‘,istopl’oject№jmagetoofanauthoranda㈨.iesoflworl((s)inanothercuIture.j()percelVe88“to1magesisK蛐ard51sVisualizeimages,whichisde“nedbvc。11creteo‘魄u舳。㈣【1iflgisc(州mmcchalljSln,w‰imageperceptionsomca7et11inj(ofs01nethillginanyfaslliO】rPerce嘶ntoextelltansubjecL,ex咖enccstheaestheticp】ctureonheauthora11dn删ycx删cncescertainfeelings01.c1删ons.pcontours‘heSycJlo㈨caIaest㈣cexpc临cc,inwhiclltheLranslat01IsketcllesofthcpoeticL’urlngtJllsprocess,thepercepti()nnlechanisnlofthe11’anslat。rtendsto11JJ1ndetalJstofo‘1uam嘲ancc,咖enweha蛳cm11Jones,dumgourreadin2ofthe、n㈨^h㈣,Rnt…m£uiYwhok:imagc610n1thefinearlinguisLicstl.ucture.厅dP沁U蹦笋q1一Knovel,wetendatto1)utreVealedtobeenhaVeI讧cetsthatval.ioustogetherusdif亿1.c11ttimes…mcomrastto【11eijlm,wherewcalwaysseehlmasaw1101eincvervsnuation.Nevc九11clcss,thedif托remfacetsalwaysothers,andeachcontalnltSreferencestovicwofcharacteronlygalnswhichothcrViewsljnkcdtomaysignitIcancethroLIghbeingoVerl印,resmct,ormodiRit.ItmIlow¨hat()urimageofTomDinneddowntooncJonescannotbeparti吼11arview,bLItfinallyawholeimageofTomJoneswiI|befbrmedinthetrans】aLor’slnind.Whetherin110velcontourororpoetry.anyimageascanstnkeuswlthaacertamalratmosphere,nlstnoweidcnti哆ancanindiVidualbycertaill、Ⅳhichhchasandwhichanpartlcularsi咎ndetermmeexactly.Takeasexamplethe主10llowingsecti()nItom“InMemorjan”byTennyson:DarkH()lIse.bywhichonccmorejstandstreetHerei1]fhe10119LIllloVeIyD()ors.whcrcTnyheartwasusedtobe砒S【)quicklv’waⅢ119forahand.A11andthatca11begraspednomorc—Beholdme,fbrIcannotsIeep,Andlikca昏【iltyt11lngIAteallljestmorningtocre印t11edooLHeisn()there|butf、arawayT11cm)iseoflif’ebeginsagaln,A11dghastlyt11r()119hthedrizzlingrainOnthcba】dslrcctb11eakst11eblallkdayWitha11t11erelevantnemssLlchas“darkhouse”,‘‘the10ngunloVely”“thenoiseofli主’e—and“thebald啦rcct’’,thesectioncrea上esaViVidatlnosphereofananonylllous,LI望1)andunf己elingcity.Thisatmosphereisascreatedt()setofrthepainotlt11epoethe吼andsouLsidetheh。usewherehisdeadf●iendIived.Theaimoftheliterarytransl虬()1-jsanother1anguagearousingreaders,whichatorecollstructtheimageincorl_cspolldingaestheticf色elingintheTLinlagc111akesthctheactualizati。nindispensable.will1nthecomprellensionprocess,fol’mulationofimagefacilitatemetranslal()r‘saestheticexperience.1nthcexpressionproccss,thctranslatorcanemployt11isi111agetointc矿aLea11nemstoformacorrespondingorwholeimageintargetlanguagepreventingthesubstitutionofwordssentencesandthewrongseIec“onofwords.2.4TheTranslator’sMentalSchemaDissatisfledwitllattelllpLsofnloralphnosophersandotherstoexplainhuman1alowledge1hroughraljona】specuJatjona】one,JeanPiagetadoptedauniqueandulthnatelyinfluell“alanitude.Hedecidedthatsincentellect,likeallbi0109icala11dc、70lutjonaTyadaptation,itcouldbestbeexplainedf}0111toab;ologicalandcVolution甜ypointofview.Thebest、vaynatlJreunderstandt11eortheadultnlindwastostudy111cntalactivitytof卜ombirth,obser、,ingitsdeVel()PnlcntandchangesinadaptationenVironlllent.ThoughPiagetlsLhcol’ywasfbnlluJatcdinthe10ngthecoLll’seorobsel.、7ingandcxperimentingchildrcll‘scognitiVepsychology.ithasgrcatinspirationt()theconstl^ucLiono广thcuanslator’smentalstructureaThene、Vbornstans1if色u仇11aI’atherlimited1’epertoireofbuilt.inreactions,suchas91.ossbodilymoVcn]entsjnresponsetodjstresssuckingandswall()wing11etlexcs、andaRerresponscpat七ernssuchasafcwdays,certain‘rheseorientingheadai]dcyc1110venlcnts.1’ecun‘entactionthearet}1enrstmenLalelelTlcnts——orsc^PHT嬲——Lhroughwhich111fant01.ganizest11eworldthatjn]pingcsuponn.Atn11st,thesevariousschelnasoperatei11isolation.LaterLheseschemascanoperatesintoanintegratedwayandbeconleanswerliesinthen1()rcsophisticated.AccordingPiaget,theafejointadionorthctwoprocessesth砒inhisviewresponsiblefbrallfhctsofcognitivcdeveloplllent:to盯船f,,z妇咖nbeableattoandⅡccDmⅢDdhf而n.AtanygiVenp()int,L11echi】dhastheenvironlnentintemlsimerpreto九hcment“schemashchasthetime:theenVironlnenLisassimilatedtoLhcschclna.Buttheschemasnecessarilychangeasthechildcontinuestotointeractwiththeworldaroundit;theyaccommodatetheenVironment.T11isprocesscontinues,with凡rtherbyy乱assimil砒ionsmergingintofollowedonet’unhcraccommodations,umil矗na】1yL【nifiedexploratoryschelnaInPiaget’sView,the^【tcrandchangingoftheinputofstimuliiscaUeddssfmi缸咖H,andtothechangingoftheinternalschemafbradaptationcircul。nstancesisca】1ed痒cc一,”,托c,出打DⅣ.Inobjcctisadaptab】etothespeci6csenseassimi【ationmeansthatifthesubjcct’sasacurrentschema.itwilIbeabsorbedandst01.edintheschema。andresultthequamityoftheenriched.bLItcul.rentschemajsenlargedandtheexistingschemaisschclllaitseIfisnltthementalchangedjnqualjtyAccomlnodationiscurrentakilldofadjust.119oprocess,inwhich,whentheschelllaisnotadaptabiet()thcandchangeibcIfcunlentb_;ecttoandcan’tbeassimilated,it、Vi】Jad.iust,re、百seasoasbesuitablef、01_thechangingnotohiect.AsresLllt,thenlentalschemaison】venrichedinquantity,butalsochangedinqualityThecL】11‘entmenta】scheInaissteadya11di11astateofbaIance.Whenassilll订ationandaccommodationoccLll.,thebalanceisbroken.Becausethesul)jecthasabsorbedneⅥ,experienceandknowledge,theacul.rentschemareachcsnewbalancefl‘om£hcbrokenbalanceandconstalltanewmenta】schemaisproduced.Thisbalance,isaprocess,i.e.balance—+unbalance-÷justthecontinuousconsLructionprocessofmentalschema.Asone1.esulL,1helnentalsche】T】aisde、’clopcd矗Dma】owIeve】tohigherinthecourse()fcontinuousassinlilationandaccommodation.1{cnce.Piaeetp0Intedouttha工eVer)7structurcwasthcresuItofpsychologicalfunctionwhich1cadtothetransitionf1’omoneantt】epreJjlllinar)rstructuretoa111uchmorecomplicaLedSinlilal.】y,thcJiteral’ytranslaL01_’sunderstandingthe01_iginalisacognltl、7eproccss,includi九g1’ccognizingthestjnlulusoflanguage。imagesande1110tion.Therefbre,thecollstl.LlcLjonofthetranslat()1.1smentalschenlacanalsobeexplainedh)’PiageL’stheolly.Butthet1’anslator,stom。ntalscllelllaherehasbccnchallgedjncJudenoton眵妞linguisticareelelllemsbutalsoaestheLic011cs.T11cconstl’uctingprincipIcsalsoassimilationandaccommodati011亡、01111ed.AsaW11cntheLwooccur.anewschemais11esult,thecurrenLschelllaiscnriched【?irst,wewillanalyzethcproccssofassimilationintranslationwhentheschemabetweent11etcxta11dthctranslatorissilllilar.EvcnthougheachindiVidualischa王.actcl_i7cdby11isownwayofpcrcepti011,therearehioIogical,psychologicalandantllrop0109icaIareuniversalsunderlyinghulnanfacu【ties.Wcknowthattheresemanticsimilamiesandsyntadjcsimilamiescorebetweenlanguagesatt11eso—calledkemel.thathunlansleVe}.A11dithasalwaysbcenacoJnlnonsensecallevenactualizesimilarexpressioll()utofaninanilllateobject.WeoRen厅ndpeaceinthegreenandassociateredwithenthusiasm,Itisforthesamereasonthattranslationismadet、easiblcinhumanhistoryItisalsotheVeryreasonwhypassiVesynthesisoccul'sinreadingoraestheticcognition.Passivesynthesisisakindofunconsciousoperationmainlybasedclaimed,onsimilarschemaofhumanperception.AslserdonotpassiVesynmesesdenoteprocessesofpassiveandautomatlcacceptancebuttheprocessesofcompositionthattookpIacebelowthethresholdaofconscjousness.ThetranslatorasareaderassemblesaspectsoftotaliLyorthctextwithoutthereader,sJmowingrecordedjustwhy,andtheaestheticpcrceptionandpresentationunconscmsly・1seralsopojntedou¨hatintheforrnationofimages,thereadersynthesizessubconscioLIslythelinguiSticsignaJs、vhich“project”themse】vesintohi】11Thisu1]consciou5duep1'ocesshappcnstothesimilal.schemaexistingbetwcenthetextandthc1’cadcr.FortheIjteral了translator,theunconsciouslypel_ceiVedmenLaIstructureisl‘egisteredjnthetransIatedtexts.AndL11em01‘esimila“t)7bctwecntheschemaofthet1.anslatorandthetext,the1noreefkctiVcthcc0111p11ehensionp1・ocesswillbe.Thetotranslatorwillstructure^ndithandyartisticactualizeandrepresentLhelinguisticandilnage.Takether01lowingfamiliarpoemsasexamples:A11d1wmlL【ve111eestill.mvdear.TilItlleseasga】19d瞪’I'illtheseas呈an坚d137mjdcar,AndL11erocks111c11wi‘t11cAnd1willsLlllluv“heesc“Ln1、dcar.WhiIethesandso’lms11all儿111我会永远爱你,亲爱的.一宜至I四海涸竭。宜到四海涸竭.亲爱的.百到太阳把≠:石消溶!我会永远爱你,亲爱的.只要生命无穷。’rhetranslationcon订l’lns10“1e01.iginalinthatitf爸eIinginthereaderwhosesucccssarousesasim订arisductothesilnilarschenlasharedT11esimilallitiesormentalscllclllabctwecnthetranslatorajldthetextanddirecLtI‘ans凫I’cncetheandrealizablet11eimal三eInakenanIraT()know110wmuchsprj】19pen’adcsa111jdstnowcr8Jusipeel・atthede¨caIcshadcsf)(’gr。enandred—Kates欲知亿间春多少?但看绿红浅与深。andininformbothcoincidclltisThisEnglishpoemessencewithf矗mous1chineseline“欲知湖上看多少,但看台前柳浅深”(黄龙,so988:233、,itiseasyi、【)rthetransIatorcanseetocompl’c11endandmetam()1,DhosethcmintoCmnesc.Wcthatwhentheperceptua【pattemsa0perateinasimilarway,i.c.whenthesymb01icexpressionplaysassa】neroleinthetranslator’smjndintheauthoLt11eexpressionmaystate()fmindtheaboutcorrespondingbringThuswec0111etothepointanof“simpatico”.(Venuti,1995:274)Byseekstrans【atorsimpatico,the7|hefr“nsf“f。rhi盯tnkdb{2idcnt咄asel-recognitions^o“f“}10f,"crc—gef“如j”gwf,厶f矗e“村f矗。,lnD,圩2P,曾耖.丘订dinljfhcrcxh。Hki“{xf'be“nidcn|itybehveenthemh弧instance,ex矗d“sffVgf^已,,一订盯,/“?o,。口"加f?。1l,f岛ce川fhc),1p,‘(谵,eJs,dccl£"q“f“ffHgkn【nI:icdge(,fthcfb}・elgn“!xts。、l}。cnglhen}ngnnddeVelop{ngthe£|0lniiywhichheuiI—edd、.f££ix、vnhhisdufh(w。sidcds[Indsdmedfasees.becoming。ine0鼍ct.ofhclheIntild.Whensi{npuekobprese}“,th£{rnns{nlionproces5cdnseen“sve巾曲{c憎cup}m}口l汹nof{hc“ec“{、,cpmcessbyM)h{chlheo¨91ndiCnm∈j77,£)出・fⅢP77rP.“"【fw向P行mP『『(Ⅲ~f【fmr括“ss“Ⅲedfothcp“rrfc咖(f钯1『c(∥沁。fs扣mlexr,{¨f|“1r~thoughfs口}1d{eelnlg、ithelrc{n5jniedIs}”ectd“sfhetⅢ1蹲ajjcnfc印Ks^ioWj“e6d‘1“k“j’mojm汕㈣幽pmhio零o㈨1e({}MgTh¨’nfcc!h“iehem1、j㈣㈣㈣¨¨1j”“融㈨}h(=b㈣^(}fx{W1pa“c(1i≮nEWnvs)。ect’甚n谊cd‘{sth。<Ittjho}‘s。nc、1c}ttN“n‘(”1sldl。l{hclⅥ、ns。H。f・c、,cnasSf》lnejn由}idofThisisapsych010县icalstatcfbl‘apersonotoseekthcidentitvinol‘dertosimila“tyandunitvbetweenhilllselfandtheag。eementoperationbythatwayofassilnilalion.hb-1ectreachisthroughthispsychoIogicalwjththethetranslator’shorizoncoincjdeswriter,sC011sequelll】>jthet1‘anslatol-seeshiscssentiajstrength仟omtheor蟛nalmeanwhileappreciatethebe趾1tifuJ.Thusanemotionofsympathyappearsintheliterarytranslator、A.HMasloWanAmericallpsych0109ist,belieVesthatsympathyisast矾cor“bclngobliviousofoneself,,.Itmeansthattheboundarybetweent№subjccLsuandobjectdisappearsintheiremotionalexchange,andthatthcownemoLionalrealln,asablcctassimilatestheaobjectintohjsresultproduceskjndofremarkablchappinessⅥ话knoⅥithatLinShuwas011ccso111()vedbywhathewastransIatin2tothathehadtostophispcnf‘01.aw11ilctoshedtears.ThiswasduesympathyaroLlsedinhis111indHoweVel..thcunderapnncipleofsilnpaticomerelyaccounts衙processespara¨elconditionof、psych0109icalexperience.1tleavesasidetheoccasionwhendissimila1'iticscmcI.geinpsychicalpatteI.】1s2.5ThinkingintheComprehcnsionofLiteraryWorksInordinar.y1anguage.chew()rd,/7j门止hasIt1naybeoraawiderangeofmeaningssynonym士'or馏胛7P,776P,‘砌引asin“Ithinkundirectedseain“lcan’tthinkofhername”1ref'erloalbr6P/j∥(asandserpcntsexist’’).ItmayalsoinstateofVaguereVericas‘‘1'mthinkingofno“ngainofparticular“.ButthinkingnlolnapsychoIogicaIperceptivemeansatsetintemalactiVjtiesthatareainlcdthesolutionofaproblemPsycll【)【ogists南LIndthatt11ecomp()nentsofthoughtandabstractarementalimageryelements.(GleiLman,1a99I:290)rransIationisprocessoVer【appingwiththephasesofanalysis.Ⅵ『ecanseethisfromNida’sback“ranst’ormationmethod,i.e.thetranslatorgoesbacktoelementarystrucnll_cs(kemelsofnea卜kemeIsl.However.practicedgcnerallyfIoreconomicaln【)treasonsthismethodisprobablynotOnlywhenthetranslatordoesse91nentfbrdissnnildoess/hestructures・arautomaticallyassociatetextaTLteXtschemaexistsbctweentheSI。textandthetrans】atorelementarvisoftennotspIitthecomplexAtsegmentintomorethesametimc,“t|1eaestheticexperiencec【)mplete】yunt、01dcd,forqujteincidentalreasons.ItjsinterruptcdbeforetheconstitutionoftheaestheticsoobjectaisachieVed.’’(Ingarden,l973:187),theaestheticexperienceisusasanolmcreexperienceofsynlpathy,whichsensestn’8inkindofreactiontos()nlcthinggiVeninpcrceptionThatist()say,thetranslatorsensoryasareadershouldnoton】yreceiveinastimuljandassignnleallillginLheil-perceptionpassivesynthesisway,butalsohassomep1I()hlclllstosolveintheillt11inking.Heneedsusesoll]eaccomlllodatiVeopcrationstotoimagine,toreas。n,tomakedecisjonsandnna¨ybeadaptabIetothedisshlliIarschemaofthetext.j.eals()saVthatthinkin£isgraspthereal111eaningofthctcxt.SowecorrectcantheguarantecfbrNowwecomprchcnsi()ntooul.cancomedjscussjonoftbeprocessofisaccommodationwhenthescllemabetweenthetranslatorandthetextdissimilal.T11etranslatordeaIswithtwo1anguagesandtwocultures.The1iteraryimagesS01netilneswearealwayseVencrosscultureandcrosstimeandsDacecansecconnictpsychicaIpattems.AfamiIiar111stanceisthatthemoonal’ouscsanacsthelicassociationinthemjndofwesternel’stotallydi“'erentfl^olnthatoftheeasternersAccordillgtoPiaget,whent11ccurl'cntschemaisnotadaptabletotheobjectandcannotbeassjmj】aled.jtwilla(撕ust,1.e、,iseandchangeicselfsowitht11eexistinga8‘0besuitableforthechan出goqect.ConnlontedtodissimiIallities,thet1’anslatol'isinclilledgctact|、’elyestablishsjlnjlarscllema.01.toandconsciouslyaccoll]nlodatedwiththeauthortobeslmpatjcowiththeauth01.丁11c】.casonisthaLthetranslator’s1nelltalimageactuaIizationisconductedtocollnnet()thco“ginal,heisLorcproducethei111agewhichcorl’cspondstothatinL11corigjnal.Hehasf色weI.chojceschant11ewritel.、Vhocan上reelyc】100se11ishandywayo±、expression.TorepresenLtheilnageinthc娃u’getLcxt.Lhctranslatorhastof-ollowthef’actsandthee)(perienceintheoriginaITheconsciousaccommodation【)rthctranslatorthatis,itcanresultinachangein,ordeVeloplnentor|]isschema,passlVeperccptionoftheilnageschemainthetocan1110difIvhishisowntheoriginal,adjustingthe。r蟛nal.to0rcoursesomctimesthe汀anslatoralsoadjustsorigjnaIhisownf-ortheconsidcrationofthetargetreaders.Oncetheacc01111110dationhappened,theimagcisreadilyassilnilatedinthemindofthetranslatorTheretwolnainf’ormsareofaccolnmodationlnthecognitiveorsensewhichmeansthecreationofnewscllemathemodincationofoldschemabythepsychologicalopcI’ationsofimaginationandinf、erence0fcourse,eVenforordinaryreaders,mentalandpsychologicaloperatlonsarenecessar。yandindispensable,butfbrtranslators.someofthefacLIltiesoperatemoreconsciouslyandvoluntarily.Let’sfollowillgoperatingfacultiesoperatejnthetranslator,smindscehowthe2.5.1ImaginationImaginationrefersimageisreproducedontothepsych【)Iogicalphenomenonmatone,sanewthebasjsoftheexistingideainmindthrought11e1'corganizationandrecrcationofrormerimages.Hegelsaid:jThe}nosepr()i12iHenfd|一tis{icconlpe!e|1ceisthe{m。gi阳a|ivepD、管ejlAddison.anAmericancritic.a【s(、hekithatonehadtobeape】.sonⅥ7lthbomexcellenti111aginativepoweI.ifhe、Vouldlikeandmeallwhiletotoapprecia“:aworkmakeareanappl’opri乱cvaluationonit.Becausemostofaretheliteral了wordsw。rdsofngurati、‘euse,w11ichamostef伯ctiVeinimage.gene哪ingandincarry,119arestrongsenseorbeau@.Theaesthetlcmeanin2softhesewordsonrel乱ivelyvagueandflexible,whichhingesthereader’simaginatjoninparticularThcmostiml)onantfcaturcofimagin札ionisitsereatiVitv.Hegelhe】diInaginationitisiscreatjve.Since】iterarytranslationliteraryisakindofrecreation,imponanttoforanthetranslatortohaVe^chimaginationsoasbegina:F【erbeingshortlyactiVityiI”aginatiVetostimulatedbyIiterarylanguagesylnb01sandimageonfbrmancwaestheticthebasisoftheexistingacsthcticideasWhenimagjnationaoperaLcssuf矗cientl>7andappropriately,canatranslationpresen“ngofexample8vividpi吼uremaybeproduced.WenndalotFH)11]『JstelIashclo()kedintomj11caltaf111c.w“11useal’chillgglancethatseemedtopryand1]robeitswoL【11ds(Ch.1)ickellsG,℃“,西:∥oc,(,,m,z.V)后果她又把目光从艾丝黛拉身上移到我身上,那目光犹若火炬,一直照到我心皇,窥寮着我心灵上的创伤n’E、,jdent)、jt11et1诅nslatorwasnotc()n6nedbytheoriginalwordsbut丘B明正.《窜羹』?、I里学))复旦大字出版组.』j、:,1‘)q{,1’!二一!’惰冲毪.《买崩翻译姜亨》.上诲:二海罗、、记数,≈出敝p,1∞l。P18:visLIalizedtheasscenethrough渤马MionhappeninandI.epresent。dth。plctur8justcon妇。nLthcp。wcrtohasLanguagedidnotstilnulat。imag眦t岫butou‘“。h。l‘ngul5‘1。aesthetichavetheex删eilceabilnytoIangLlage・The。LmllsI棚shouIdscenefonnulatea瞰沛lth。whatuninedentity・Thu8int。amental.1nageschemataando曙anizetranslatorshouldLransferjsnotalsobutwo。dsofonlythemean讯gauni矗edscene丁】1e出二now。vcfcas㈨d洲en,soc11anged黝m11]esoRquietudeormeVaney:1he。mnnot幽u1-bthestcadv耐姗t豳couldfeIln。te。f‘hebl4。kbi。dmea11dliquida哪!1crwilh。neandthe棚Ietl_nin91edt11eea。Iyartc。noon-a叫airinthedaInpup。nham。nywit叭hcmbotll“)aDhlleduMaLIrier:Rebecca)不住地下着,惺这却惊扰不了Lj谷地静谧:翮口魇承声交融在一起,凰眉的婉转的曲调在湿润地空气中回荡着.和雨声,溪水声相应和。“Thetranslatororesentat天窆这时罴云密布,阴阴沉沉,和下午三四点钟的时候不大一样,雨又visualize¨hcpicnJ鸭hearinga11thesoundsas1tLhescene.Thisisthetousemgjnationofaudltory・Inreproductlonhelsablehisresuhofimaginationinco唧rehenslontorecreatethevividness。fthe。rigin“,1,endering‘。rainandriVulet’’as“雨声和溪水声”,ofw11ich“考”isreader1、-teXtthethatnotstfatedinthcoriginal,socansecmssilent_whatofthemelodyexpeTienceinthecomp代hensionp。ocess,。8inv01VedImagination,11aturally张夸{上#翎:÷吼J里》+一j市:;Ili南’、学㈣奴lI、【994。3】anaut0111atedprocessbasedonhislillguisticandotllercompl・ehensivefIacin2knowIedge.NeVertheless,fOr”a11sl乱01‘asreader,whentw。1anguagesconnictinstmctureandpatterns,moreconsciousandactive1ma舀nationshouIdbeintegrated.OnLheotherhand,diffI:rentn.omthecancommonreaderwhotofreelytoexccutehisimaginatjon,thetransjatorhasan1imithisimaginationtot11econtemofthetext,producetoimageequiVa】entt11atunderlyingthe()】.igjna】texlthebeslo{111isabilitⅥand矗nalI),besimpaticowitht1]eaLl{h()1.2.5.2lnferencehlferenceconcemstherationalfactormthetransjator’spsychoIogyinthecomprehensjonp110cess.T11e1itcraryworkistheproductofthewriter’st11inkingi11imagesbyhischoosinga工1dusingartisticIanguageAccordingl,jI‘eadingaIitel.ar),w01'kdcpendsonthereader:sthillkinginnlage.ButLhjsjsnotenough.八l‘eaJaestheticappreciationcannotescapefromthejnfluenceofone’sraLionaIthinking.Likewise,inthe11teraw1]cglcdthefunctionofinferenceinthein仃anslationresearch,wet1.ansIator’s111ind.trallslat0I^,inp。oVideItcannotisnccessarytheaestheticprogressjon内raawa”oadjLIstthcwo崩119stoaofhisimaginativefacultiesandaccessm。refamlfulmeaningsincetheworkingofthesefacultiesa1Ie()r()ccasionally‘ranslaL(11‘sspollLallejty.What’smore,infere九cecanhelDa吐ju虬hisschelnat(、thcoriginal,makingLhepursuitofsiIupatic()possibic“W11en、Velnakenotaninftrcnccduringareading,weactivateinfonnationfhatisexp“cit】ystatedinwrittenpassage.PeopjealwayscombineiheirinR)1111mionab0Lntheworldwjththeinf、ormationpresentedinapassage,ajldthcydraⅥ,areasonabjeconchJsionbasedonth乩combination”.(M.w.Mat¨n,1998:301)Inpsych0109jcaltherearecirclenVocontrastingvjcwsoftheseinferences:theconstructjonisttoVersusminimalistViewsofinfercnce.Accordingcauscsthet’ormer,readersusuallydrawin士、erencesaboLlLLhcofeventsand山erelatjonshiDsforinstance.betweenconstructseVcnts.Whensomeb()dyarcadsanovel,heinf色rencesaboutcharacter’s1notivations,characteristics.andelnotionsHealsodeVeIopsexpccLationsaboutnewplotdevelopments,soaboutthewriter’spointofVicw,andforth.Thelatterarguesthatinf-erenceswhenthevreadreadersdonotconsistentlyconstructAccordingtoLhesctheo“sts,the【)nIyinferencethatreadersautomaticallycreateareUjbasedmakeoninformaLi【Ⅲthatisreadilyavailableor②necessarytosenseofsentencesthatarenexttoeachotherconstructT11etranslator,flrstasareader,willnaturalIyinferenceaboutmotiVations,charactcristics,andclnotions.However’withtheai】11oftransferringthecontentasi、ai【11m1aspossible,heshouldconsciouslvconstmctin衙encesasrajsedbythemi】1imalists,reducinghisownexpectationinhistranslationT11enw11at’sthemainfacL()1.sinfluencingthet11anslator’sinferellces?ThenrsIjsco】1lextjnfbrmati()n.f11hcBrjtishlinguistFirthp。jntsout,“Eachw01‘dwhel]usedint11atmeaningsofwordshytheancwcontcxtisanewword’’。,w11ichmeanstoa旺reatextentareconditionedandinfluencedcomext.withoutbeingplaccdiJlcontext,meallingsofw01.dsaenjoygreatflexibility.ButingiVencontexL,theye11joyare1ittleindcpendencenotsureTaketheChillesecharacter。‘打’‘1’01‘exanlple,weitisplaccdinoftheexactmeaningcharacter.of【‘打”hel'eifButwhennocontextasitisapolysemouswehaveituscdinthef01lowin2phl.ases,itsmeaningsa1.e6xcd:“打家具’’(制作一make,manufacture),cc打毛衣”engagcd(knit),“打酱油’’(buy),“打游出’’(beThesecondnotonein),“打鼓,‘(beat,strike)iscultureknowIedge.SometimesthetranslaLordoesaactiVatcthesameimagenaLjVcspeakerofthelanguagewouldactiVate,01’theimagetheauth01.i1]Lcndcd,becausetheimagereaIizedbyallnguisticf卜a111eareclosclylinkedtoadif!陌rents。cja】一cLlltLlra】tobackgroundoftheroreignlanguagc.Similarschemaism01.elikeIvbeI’ealizedwhentheauthorandt11ctranslaLor1iveint11esamehistoricalmoment・TJlust11eymigInsharca‘commonsensibilitya】1denjoyacomm‘m1)artolschema・T11c11cforc,L11cprocessofundel‘standingtoafbreigntext1’equil-estheLrallslatol‘loLryhecanleamaboutcurrentasmLIchculturatoknowledgcastoenlargea11dchangehisschema1nakeathoroughundcrstandingoftheori苎inalI。aschltconstraintn【)Lleast,the"anslaLor‘Hw01・ldandIi凫outlookareaI—ealsoaoninf'erence.T11eyusuallydemonstratedunconsciousIyinthetranslator’sactionandthinking.Difkrentpeoplehavedjt’]乇rentviewsontheworldand1ife.TheliterarytranslatorhandlestheoriginalwithhisownstyleinbothreadingandrccreaLj119.Sometranslators11avetriedtomakethereproducedimagesl“L1]eiI.jdeologybyusingallkilldso±manjpulatiVeLeclmiques,while()L】1erstryoriginaJwithatomergethepoeticsoftheonepoeticsacceptablej1]thcirownideology.1、hisistoofthereasons、Vhythesameoriginalw01‘klcads“adifkrentunderstandin望.i.ethousandreaderscanrecreatea“10usandHamlets.”2.6ActiveSynthesisThereasonwhyweusc“active’’istoconcernedtodi骶rentiatethekindofIser.synthesiswearewith曙omthatproposedbyThetranslator’saimistranslaterathcrthanappreciatea【iterarytext.Inthisasense,thetransIatorissomethingoFthetranslatortobeactsasacntic.Ineffect,itisimpossiblefororancolllpleteapprecjatorentirecritic.}Iealwavsboth.whyisactiVesynthesisnccessary?First,itisnotenoLI曲士、oratranslatol。to1.eadthe01.igjnaltexLt)nce.“TheflrstreadingisparticularlvlmDomntauitudef0111terarywo出s(订art,whichwhichmakepossil]lctheareperceiVedinanae3thetlcaesthetlcworkandconstitutionofthetheaspects973:145).Howcvcr,allobiect‘,(1n2a1.den,1cannotofme№raryhcapprehcndedatoncc,inonce.asingleac卜justasastatuecannotbeseenfromallsidesatofthcoriginalthinkingtheSec()nd,afcersensation。pcrception,andtexLthetranslatorhasconvcrtedthctheoriginaIintotheasemalltlco士reDresem乱ion.1_lowever,transla佃rbccomesdecidesonoptloncantranslating,soactivesynthesjsindispensable.Weexplalnthisfromawiththefollowing矗gure・pel’spccLjVepsychological≤}—≥-——<(Ffg:3—1)whenABthanLineisljCfeelLincIongerMosl_Deoplewjlllntactthev羽一eofthesamelength.ItisbecausetheyarelndL士terentspatlalconteXt・contemthatwemakethemistakc.Thcsameis”ueiortemp01.alMozan’smusicmayappearDerceiveswhereasserencandcheerfultoamodel.【1¨stener,whocenLul.yninthetemporalc()ntcxlof’twenty—tlrstmuslc:itconveVedtheexpression()fVioIentpasslonanddesperateofchemuslctheythehisbackgroundsufIferin卫tocontemporariesagainstknew.Shellev’spoemsmiglltbedifncultrealit、,oj’thepoemhardconLexttotocomprehendandthetlercere【atedt。thespecLtlcdetectifLhcycontextaarenotofwar.WchavedjscussedinminkingsLage.howeVerthatisLhedirectcontcxtwhichmcansfe、Vwordsju扭印osedwlththekeyaddltlonalwordvouaretofocuson.Wl州cind计ecLconte诅smeanslingulstlcIacLorsrelevantL()t}]cc()ntcn【sofabook(oranartjcje)butn()tyetexpl’csscdin、Vrittenfbrmb\|L11eauthor.Itconsistsoftheauthor’spointofView,hiscommonsense,historicaIbackground,localconditionsandcustolnsreleVanttothekeywords.Thesetwoaarec】oselyconnectedwitheac|1other.0nlyby111akinginwhichnlekey、Vordsarethol’oLl911analysisofthedirectcontextanpIaced,can(hetranslatorhaveinsightintothecomplicatedindirectcontcxtoft1]csituationt11roughthesurfaceoflanguageandthenhaVeagraspol’theaccuratemeaningsimpliedinthereleVantwordsandthenhaVea11thcsejlnponantfactorsweIlexpressedinthetarget【angLtagc.ThetranslacoI,witllcontextatotallydⅢ电rentspatio—temporalandalsodif艳rentcmoLionexpcriencef}omthoseoftheauthor,texLcoshouldconsciouslyrelatetheanthespecinccontextinsVnthesis,orappear.illegitimatereceptionalsoandrcproductionofmeanjngwjl】betweenW订ss(2000:858)distinguishcsand111acrocontextualproblem—s01Vingoperations111icrocontextualaproblem—solvingoPerations.Forthefbrmer.thetranslatorneedsDlanthatisorientedtothetotalItyofthetexttobetranslatedandexcIudesarbitrarvassignmentaofmeaning.Thismeansthatthetranslmormustgainthecontentclearideaofwhatofthetextilnplies,whatitscomlnunicatjvepurposeisandfororwhatreadergroupofreadersthetargcttextisintended.Threekeyproblemsshouldbecopedwithinthissta2c,i.e.theelnotlon.Lhestyleandthepurposeoft11eorjgjnalworJ(.Thescelementsareneithermanif己stedintheprintcdaretext,norproducedsolelybythereader’sjmagination.ThcytranslatoI’,buttheyIntoare011adLIalnature:theyemergen・omthealsoguidcdbysignalswhicbproiectthelnselvestheseelementshim.Thetranslatormustc01]sidcrhowortopreservetoimpliedjnLheoriginalanddecidepurposewhetherchangethemr【)rhisowntoThissyntllesisdoesr】otaddf舀cts,oneanoLhel.’butjnte垡ratesthem.Throughtheinterweaving()fthcfactsanddetailsthet1,anslatorgraspsauni矗edstateofafhirs01_L11ci'oI‘moftheaestheticob{cct.111summary’theacLivcsyllLI]esisofthe”anslat01.inv01vesintegratingaIItheeIemenLsc()nccl_1]ed、、,iththecontentandfOrmoftheoriginal.puttingthetextintothcspecinctelllporalcontextoft11eauth01,sorncandconsciouslysupplyingnon—semanticinformationin01.dertototal】ycompl'ehendtheoriginai.ChaptcrThrecPsychologicalAnalysisol’Miscomprchension“OIItcoLll’seisornotseldonlthatonemakesmistakesandamisunderstandsthisthratwordi11thetextofthework.也atis.givesitonemeaningotherthanthe1973:261.AsjtacnlallyhasinthatIanguage”(1119arden,wehavediscussedbef'01’e.nlistranslationismavnotthesallleasnliscomprehension.MistransIati()ntexttobecausedintentionallvbyandunimentionally.711hetranslatorw110wantsreadersormaybcintentionallylnistranslatedthecatertothea。stheticflaVoroftargetlanguageortointroducesomenewcxDressionsculnlres。.However.most111istranslationisLlnintenLiona“vcaLlsed.Forinstance.someEngljshtranslatortranslatedmesentence“》可舒己=八”’‘into‘‘Ashuisei曲teenyearsold.”,minkingt11at八”mustw11en11avebeenmisprintedas“二八”.SuchmistranslationaoccursthetransIatorhasdimcultiesinrcceiVingsource—languagetextsegment,i.e.intheintakeofjnformationfromasourcelanguage1exelne01_combinanonof1exellles,andinthesubsequentsenseconstitution.Mjsc0111prehensionofthiskindistheonobjectofthisthesis.ResearchesdonethecognitiveandaestheticareprogressofthetranslationprocessinChapterT、Ⅳothebestcluesfbrthisstudy.Atthesametime,examplesfromliterarytranslationproductsareaVailableandwillbeadopLcdase111piricaldatatosupportthedesc“ptionandanalysis.3・lMiscomprehensioninSensationStageThjskind()fmiscomprehcnsionisseldomf.ound.Itappearsduethetranslator’scarelessnessinreceiVingthestimulisotothattheoriginaI阵:孚孙景尧谢天振1997《比较又学x甚等教育岩版趾P210becomesdefbrmedinsensation.Avel.scinTagore’spoet“S01ueunseenheart”heartthe1nusicIikeidlebreeze,areormylnyuponplayingnngershasbeenlranslatedinto“有些肴不见的人物,如悸自懒的微风似的,正lere“nngers”haSbeenmisreadas在我们的心上,奏着孱缓的乐声”I“ngures’’becauseofthetranslaLor’sdiStonedsensa“onoftheoriginalverse.LookatmenotoriouscxampleinwhichthetranslaLollmixedup。。cow,,witll“cI.ow”‘l7:T11ewhecl.track1eadill殳l【)t11cd()()r.aswellast11ewholeb1’cathofthetoavenue.wasalm【)sLover-gr。wnwith坚rass.afrb工dingdaintymouth^1lstwo‘)rthree、-a钍rantcowsandan(1ldwImchorscwhohadhisownlivingtopickupalongmeThe01droadside(N劬anielHa叭11【、T11e,Prefac“oMossesfroman01dMajlseManse、园门里的林阴大路河宅门前蜩马车道,杂草蔓生,偶尔有两三只乌鸦飞来.随意0豕食,在路旁觅食的那头老白马,也可以在这里吃到几口可口的美餐.3.2卜压iscomprehensiOninPcrccptionThemainobstacletoc01‘rec【comprehensioninthisstageisset.Thepsychol()gistshavenotedtwow11entryingtotonlajordimculties011c1nostofusfa¨preyatosolVeproblems;scLisofthelll.“SetmeansweresolVed,ortotcndencytosoIvenewproblelnst}1eway【)ldonescontinueuseobiectsinthcenvironnlentthesalllewaytheyhaVeahⅣaysbeenused”.(McMahon.1986:35(1)Wehavediscussedthe”ansl乱or’smentalschcmawhjchmeanstheaccumulati011andstoreofaestlleticandcognitjveexperiencesaftel.assimilationandaccommodation.Thismentalscllcmainl{eidegger‘s、vords,iscalled“pre—understand|11昌”,andinJauss’swords,istermed冒fI,j苹、{.pj手’t鬣j.:?务叫:l;谊】tJHJjJ_7J?1、。。expectantreadinga110“zoll)’ofaesthcLicaexperjence.EverytransIaL()r1be士、ore1itel.aryEeXt,hasnxedcogniciVeschellla.whichispl’erequisitetor’ort1'anslatioll.It’spositiVemncli()11ishelpthetranslatoracceleratehissentence:comprellcnsionp1’ocess.L()okatL|1e九)110wingl、11cc㈦1enge上、工omlhe,JhM撇刑dcounLries11as110alway帕eentoreseenbyt)L}rs11ippin坚companicsljut】’&()11asi11ten【ionof胁mw打辔胁mPtowelW11enthet1.ansIat01.1’eceivcsthcsensorVstimLl|i1hislinguisticknowledgeinhisschemamakcshnn1+ccognizethemeaningsoon,atthesametilnehisworldknowledgehclpshilnfindtherecognizedmeaninginconsistemwjththecontexc.Thephrase“throwinginmetowel’’can’tbecomprehendedbyits1iteralmeaning.aThenhemayconsultsomeref色rencesandnndsoutthatthisisisusedtowipeawaythesweetandbyonejargonintheboxingwhcrethetowelcanalsobethrownintheboxingrin叠oft11eboxer’smanagertotostoptheboxingwhentheboxerhasthedangerlosehisIife.Thephrascthen111eans,“admitdef’eatand譬ivein”.canThusLhetranslatorsentenceinto:correct11isdrstc01nprehensionandtranslatethe我们的船运公司长期以来一直预见到来自第三世界国家的挑战。但是半岛与东方航运公司并不想偃礁愚蠢吐毪工凰。HoweVeI.,atsetmanyandtimes,thisschemaformsLhetranslator,s“CognitivepsychologicalschemaisfutllreanprcVentsorcorrectcomprehension.asaintellectualperccpLualpatternusedbasedonrcferenceforsuccess如lcxperlences,asusuallyaspast内ilureandexperienceswellconsiderationofwhatmadethedif俺rence,1eadingtoageneralattitudeandsett()nlcctsilnilarsitua“ons”-DanSperberandⅥ7nsonalsostatedjn尺e,已v订门cPideabehindsuchnotionsasC(J,77,77z,wjca“D玎以,1dCDg门i,j。,?thattheorschellla,f】’ame,prototypede、’clopscl.1ptisthalandForhumansa1’edisposedabouttostereotvpicalassumptionsandeVents.expen缸ionsfrequcntlyencoumeredaobjedsexample,ifwehearthatLilyhasbouglltsomethinglikeapet,wewmassumethatitisdogoracatraLhcrthananelephantoraspider.Thcformation。fsetintransla“onresultsfromvocabularyequationsatthetranslator1earnedinthcfj)reign1a119uage1essonssch001oraLtheuniversity.Thedecontextualizedpurelysign—orientedVocabularyleamingwhicheventodayisratherwidelyLlscd,formsandproVidesasala唱enumberofpurelysurf'ace—stl’ucture1exellleequations,such“developme九t”isequaltoEn91ishChincse“发展”,or“association’’inEn91ishmeans“联系”i11Chinese.ThiskindofH1iscomprehensjonalwaystakesplaceinthe1exicald01nain.Someexaml)1es。arelistcdbc】ou,:iDMrabovcouTN汉onsaid.“w¨w(、counmeshavecommoninteTestsoYerandmfkrenccs.”undoubted】y.manytranslalorswould”anslatethissentenccinto:,己克松先生说:“我们两国具有远远高于我们分歧的共同利益。”Theyquickly^ndthecorrespondingmcaningsn’omtheirmelltalschelllaLa:or“over’’a11d。‘aboVe’’anhavethcmeaning“intoapositionhigherp】1l_asewiththesomething/somebody”.Infact,“oVcra11dabove”helleisl_neanin旺“besides一.sothissentellccashouldbetranslatedi11to:雹再松先生说:“我{f]两图除了订分崾,巾有共同的利益。萎方轮,专例洛《萎汉』吣理学面期"ji京仉储工业出版社,!00(JsltcP86】Example1and!are(1umedfr。n1t【1c、VPbIlnp:hVuⅥpepcomcll,200212七a40256.htln4:②T。my{oy.mys【)nknt’wsathiIlg‘Jrm¨ah‘)utIIali棚1wrnngVcrsion:使我高兴的是,我儿子对恿大利语也略知一二。c(wcctversion:使我高兴盹是,我儿子刘惫大利语还很精通哩。Thetnlemeaningof“knowathi九gortwo”is“tohaVepracticalanduse“inf、ormationgalnedthanitsliterali、romexperjencc(非常熟悉,了如指掌)”,ratllermeaning“略知一二”.l:20Wilss(2001)pohnedouLLhaLcomprehensjonasanerrorscanhaVeintra—orextralinguisticreasons.IIcusedaexamplethetranslationofsilortstorybyMarie・LuiseKaschnitz:rheexDe】iencewhich1havei11nlilldbeganinthethca“‘e,andmoreprecisclyatawastheninLondonperformanccofS11出(cspeare’s‘RjchardTI’.1a士’ort11e疗rsttimeandmy11usband}ike—wise,a11dmecitymadetremendousimpressionofcourseonus.Wenormallylivedint11ecoulltryly吼1knoⅥ‘in舢lstria.andweknewViennaandalsoMunichandRome,b址wesincerelydidnotaknowwhatgreaLcitywas.IrcmcmbcrthatP化,lonthewaytothctheatre,andhurr)7ingtotheescalatorsdowntheandundergroundsteePgildinguptrainsinthecjtyblastonthcplatform,wegotintoacuriousmoodofexcitcmentand坚lee…HisenlDhasisofdiscussionisput-‘IremeInberthatevenonontheinterpretationof“even”inthewavtothctheatre...”HedistinguishestⅥ,omainintcrDrctationsfromtheselcctedvariants.Thetwoimerpretationsequating。。even’’withGenllanwords‘‘sogar’and“schon”respectiVely,thusintel∞reting‘。even’’aserrorameansaofintensification.Heexplains“thistoistheconsequence。ft、ailurerecognizethe109ico—semanticdependencyl'elatjonsbet、^7ccl]n()l‘’cven”a11dreasonothertext.intralinstructructions.Buthedoesanalyzethewhjlthesubjectsmakethcseerrors.Acfua如:“e。ien”fsquickb’scarchassucbac0J”nlon’^,0j‘df^afJ"05rn?aJ]s,afoJ.sⅥ,f,,soonoutthen'equentIy—usedmcaningtrucof“甚至,即使’’astheyreceiVe1hcstimuli.Itslneaningof“evcning”hel.eishardtodetectfortheweakcontcxtaddsdimcultvforthetranslaLortomakefurtherconsideration.“obViously、someintujtiVc】capsare、good’andtermsofhowtheybewaI.】1eduponou】’sonleare‘bad’inturnout.Somc111enaregoodintuiters;othel_sshouldcannoton”(Wilss,2000:868)10intuitjon;tothisextent,we;nanrelvonlvitof【cnhcJpsusemergencXbutwithoutguaramee.Andbeworsc,wc阡equclltlydon’trealizethesemistakes,text.ansometiIneinfluencingfurtherundcl'standingofthewholeSetalsoinfluencest11caestheticcogni“on,showingaestheticsLereotypicalLendcncyinimagcactualization,…fhisstereocypicaltendencysometimesf、aciliLatesthecapLurcofjnfOrmationaboutaest}1eticinstimulat.119andre】atjVelyfastandcasyway.However,“eachperson,cVellt,etc.,portrayedi11t11c1iLcraryworkofartc。ntajnsoabLlect,greatanulnber()rplacesofindetel7minacXcspeciallythedescriptionsofwhathappenstopeopleandt11jngs.”(Ingarden,1973:50)TheTeaderthenTcadsbetweenthelinesandinVoluntarjlycompIementsmanyofthesidesoftheportrayedinspecinconohliectivitiesnoldeLcnllinedi九thetextitselrHowthishappenscasesdcpendsuponthcpecu】iarniesoftheworkitselfandalsocorrectthereader.“11】1iscircunl札a11cccarl-jcsspecialdangersf01・theofthe1jteraI’yworkandunderstandillgforafaithmlaestheticapprehensionofthe1iteraryworkoran.”(Ingarden,l973:53)F01‘thet1.anslatol’whoconfrontsadifrbrentculturcandadi{T色rentaesthetichabit.orhemightactivateilnagest11atdI、,ergefl’01ntheauthor’si11tentionsdeViatefj’()mthoseactiVatedbyanatiVcspeakerofthesource1anguage.andthcwestinForexamDlc.themoonhasdn、flcrcllL111canings{10rpcoplemoonwlthchange,the1inkwcsti11L11calwaysthoseint11eeast.Peopledeath,andl,cbirth.Ecnpscstheare011ensccnasasignofbad1uck・And1nMiddleA望esinEu九】pe,thcrcwcrelnanyastneaboutsuperstltlonsmoon,sLLchwouldsleepinginmoonlightcausesomeonetogo1nsanefr()111remoVeflit”means【ntheirvocabulary“moonlightonenou5eto1sanothersecrctlVfoavoidsomething,InChina,howeVel.-themoonnotiseven“hol_netown”.1tandwithassociatedbeautysu。hdifficultto{hldverse。a。“露从今夜白,月是故乡明。”“海上升明月,天涯共此’’Simik玎ly.inthe时。followingpoem,t}1eauthorexpl’esses111shomesicknesswhcnhe1nemorjes”:seesthcbrjghtmoonbutnot“youm’s5weet挣夜思床|j茸明月光疑是地上霜举头迥11月月低头思敞乡ThcMoonShincsEvcl了whcreSeeingtheMo011hcR'remycouchsobrigllt,Ithoughthoarf'10sL】1砌fnllenfromnlenigllt,Onherclearfacc1gazewi【h1jRedeyesThenhidet11emf’LIllt汀Y叭Itll’ssweetmemonesftrans.W,J.BF1etcher)onaQuictNightlsaw也cmoonlightbeforemycouchAndwonderedifitwere110tt11efrostonnlegroundIraisedn1、,hcadandlookedoutonthemountalnmoon】bowedm)711eadand1110Ll坚11torm)1I酊一offllomeftrallsSobatalThesecondversionaistranslaLedbyaJapanese.HisculturalbackgrOundshareshisschemasimi】arlotofsimilaritieswiththatofChinese,whichmakesthatofthepoem.Nowonderhiscomprellcnsionoftot11eaestheticmeallingofthemoonismoreexactthanthefirstVersion.3.3Misc(1mprehensionin1、hinkingWhentheschemabetwccnthctranslatora11dthetextissimilar,comprehensj011wⅢh印peninanautomatjcwaywithmtjcobstac】es.I{owever1T1jscomprehensionisusuallycausedbythiskindofinnJition.FvenirthetransI乱orconfrontswithdis瓯milaractivateschema,believeshedoesn’tjnwhatheconscious】vactiveopcratjons.Hest¨lc01nprehendsinhissensationa1]dperception.PsycholinguisticsclearlysuggeststheexisLcnceofa1ninilllaxprinciple(L石rschelT,199as1:267J.1ighttoasAccordjn呈toit。thesub’lectst1’yL。kecpthecognitiVeloadnotpossiblcduringt11ehtTanslations.‘rhcygenerallydoproceedaa11dimpliesdeepel‘1evelofcognjtivepI’ocessing,whichismoreabstractahighel.cognitI、,e10ad,bcfbrethep1’()ccssingouttoonthehigher1eVelhasturnedbeu11successfu】oru11saLisracto哆Acc01_dingly,L研scherfoundi11hisempil_jcalinVestigation“1athissLlhjcctsgene11allyuset11ental】esscomplexstrategicsandelcInelns()fstfategiesjntranslatioll.WewilldiscLlssthisDhellomenonindetail.3.3.1LackofIma2inationThemnctionofimaginationinthecomprehensionoflitera叮worksistotunlLhestatjcwords,sentences01.discoursesoftheoriQinalintomeordynamicmentalpicturcsactivities01、Lhetranslator.Unlikeotherformsot’art,t11eartisticimageproduccdby1anguagesylllbolsdoesnotendowpeoplewithaVisualpicturcInstcad,itcanbeperceivedandgraspedonlyathroughLhcpowel.ofimagination.1ncreatingtendstoliterarywork,thewriterareadopLthosewordsthaLL1.acesareaptLostimulateimages.Sotherealwaystobcfollowed.out()ntheotllcrhand,thewriterwouIdtopu叩ose【yleaVesomepartsimagineThesevacanciesas“vacancies”fbrthereaderbcseenthinkandarenoLtoovertlvthrou2hthewords:sometilllcsthe111eaningissLIggcstedorVaguelyhintedmakingtheoperationofimaginationnecessally.Forthetranslator,hisconsciousandactiVeimaginationmightproducceff色ctstheimagethefailureonthedegreeofvividnessofmeansseeactualization.MjscomprehcnsionunderthisconditionLograsptheaesthcticc1TbctsoftheliteraIvtext.Lct’sthefollowingexamples。:Notyct.h【)weVeLinspite()fhcrdjsappoimmentin11erhusband,djdMrsBennetgiveupthepoint.(JVersionOne:Austen|Drf(出(1"cfPr盯lf“fc£)尽管丈夫鲍话令班纲特夫人人失所望,僵她仍不放弃自己的观点。versiollTwo:班纳特太太虽然碰了一鼻子灰,可是并不甘心罢休。博仲选,j*用翻【‘爻学I.|二淘:淘外1吾教育,…嗄‘I.1993P182。Verslononetransfe”edthescmamicrneaningcorrectl>'.butnottheaestheLic111eaning.makingthehnageofinMrsBennetplainandnat.WhileVersion7l~wo,thetranslatorconscjouslyactjVatedtheoperationofaimaginationand6nallyfj)l’111ulatcdpjctorialscenebefbrethereaders./\fcarfllJma11.aJJincoarscglajiwj{11a伊eafjIonon】1is】eg(c111)ickens6,℃以,.巨X口已c,“,fDH一)VersionOnc~个可怕的人,身穿粗布灰衣裤,腿上带着一副大铁镣。I舌『5ff)月n硼好一个可怕的人!穿一身灰色粗布衣,腿上栓一副大铁镣。The1iUleb()),Pjpsatjnlhejs()】atedViJ1agechurcllyal.dtoseeoneeVenillg,staringathisparems’tombstones.Hewasafl.aida1]1a11thesurroundjngsandbegf=Lnt【】cry.Suddenl)7withterribleVoicestalledupf}omtoamongt11egravesandthre乱enedPipkeeptostill:makingpityPjpfrightened.Sothew01.d“f、earful”ismanbuttonotusedobjectiVelydescribetheTWodepictmefeeIingofPnThetranslatorofⅥrsionaimaginativel、,visualizedthisinhisima旺eactualizatjon.Asresuhheavr、’idlyreproducedthe士、1.ightenedfee】jngofPip.Althougllonlyword“如:”isadded,thissin91ewordisworthathousandpjecesof901d,p110ducingstl’ongartisticappeal.LackofilnaginaLioninlitcral’)7tl’anslation,ont11ethelackofanonehalld.isduetoawarenessofule11ecessiLyofimagill乩ion.Onthe。thercasehand,asresearchersincreativit)7often111akethethatcducationjsaimedatde、reJopingouI.ab订jtyareto1earnbynote,tofolIowtheformu【as,recipesandrules.wearguedtoobtainthesolerightanswcr.Thusf千【)11]a11carl)agc.manyofus、’ajued10呈ic,prac“calityandestabljshedrLlleso、e1.(u11.creativefaculties~j111a出nation.fantasvand111si211t.3・3・2LackofCulturalKnowlcdgc19沌haVcdiscussedthatwhcndissimiIarityhappensbetweentheschemaotthetextandthatofthetransjator,cultureisthenlainfactoLaIhetranslatorshoLlldhaVewjdeknowledgeofinf’oreignculnlre.Culturerylor’sdenniti()nis“..,thatcompIexwholewhichincILIdcs1(nowledge.belief’art,lnorals,law,customandanyothercapabilitjesandhabitsasaacquiredbymanregardedasmember()11s()cicty”。”Bilingualcompetenceisnotthe如ndamentalrcquil‘ementibrthetranslator.Butthisisaenough.Ti)be()rdertomliyc0111peLcntLranslator,oneshouldbebicuJturalinareadbetweenthe11ncs.【ntemlsoftranslationfromtoone’sforeignlanguagenatiVelangua坚esincethetranslatorisrelativelyunf’am订iarwi山the士.oreigncuhIre,itscemsparticularlyimportantfornlmLo11aVeac0111prehensiVeundcrscandingofthefbrei卫nculture.aAnexce】】enti、orejgn】iteraI_),Ⅵ70rkisijketheInirrorwhichretlectsapoIltlcs,econ0111MhistorMculLuraI”adition,religion,etc.ofcertaina£orelgnsociety.Thetranslatorsh【)uldhavetheawarenesst11atfacine‘orelgnwork1nlstofaceano山crcullureratherthanareiustaforeignIangua2e.tocan,vsometorelgnworks,someexpressionsEvenorfbundsoculturaltheseinformation.expresslonscan。etertoifthecranskLlorisnotfhmiIiarwithcannotunderstandtheculmralmeaningimmediately’heoccurssomcret宅rences.I—IoweVcLlniscomprehensionwhenthet1.anslatorhasn‘ttheawarenessthaLsuch1nlorrna‘10nexpressioncontainsculturalandtranslates011lyt11elitcralmeaning.LiuorMiqing(2003:4361hoIdsthatlackoI、cuIturaIanalysisrcjectionofconsiderin2culturalorelemelltswillineVitably1eadseInanticanalysjstodevjatjoncanerrors.Wea180tlndexplanationsforthisjnpsyc】10Jogy.Antos(cfL6rscherinI991:267)hasashownthat,principle,11】orethemorecanexactlvandunamblguouslyaproblemis1'cali7cd.Lhcaeasilyitbcsolved.IfprobJelllIsreallzedinf’ulIyconsci()usway,itisthusplaccdintothe11tcp,7111()111c叭111kcd11rhl5‘1。ij“1¨。”1‘。1I。dlj。n1the、Vebsl【c11k/、s000356^vaal/e【J1n】cJI),.p3perh£jntranslat01‘1sf【)cusorcogniLiveaLLcllLion.Forexalnple、、mcn、rollAl’cOldwhenvouaro(11dand£1∞andfUllofsleepAndnoddin坚b、,Ihcnre.【akedowflthisbookAndslourlvrcad.anddrcanlthesofLlookY(1ureyeshad011ce、a11donheirshadowsdeepHoⅥmany¨Ⅵ站”、urmomentsofgIadgraceAndlovedButonevourbeautv、Ⅳ“hiovefalseortrucman10vcdLheDil2rimsoulinvourvou,Andloved止esorrnwsofchan旺m旺faceAndbendinodownhcsideLhe2lowin篮barsMurmuLaIitt{csadIv.ho、vL《’venedAndpaceduponthcmountainsoVerheadAndh记【histhccanlidacrowofstars当你老了袁呵嘉译当你老n头白了,睡意昏沉,炉火旁打呲,i}Jqz下这部诗歌,慢慢读,川魍你过去眼神的柔干u回想它们苫F1浓重的阴影;多少人爱你青春欢畅的时辰,爱慕你的芰丽,假意或真心,只有一个人爱你那朝圣行的灵魂,QLloled什omwol窀a111L6rscher_7r日”N,“/fr)¨Pr7。^J71川c7,?cg乃。日,坫,[f,jn,7尸,。f圯‘d,N,c,,?[,f}1。11siofio"SfTdf(1℃|es:^,夥・f厶。m喈2,“f,£^71,c、f憎[,mJ".GunlcrNarlVe一89丁11bill呈eil1q91.P267爱你衰老j。的脸∽南苦的皱纹垂下头求,窿红光闪耀的炉子旁凄然地轻轻诉说邸爱情的消逝,存头顶的I…二它缓缓踱荇步了,在一群犟∽串川稳减巷脸庞。当你年老州傅浩译当你印老,鬓骈,咂惹昏沉,在炉旁打盹时.取卜这本书,慢慢诵读,梦忆从前你双眸神色柔和,眼波中倒影深深:多少人爱际风韵妩媚的时光,爱你的美嘶出自假意或真晴,但唯有一人爱你灵魂的至诚,爱你渐衮∞脸上愁苫的风霜;弯下身子,在炽}L的壁炉边,忧伤地低诉,爱神如何逃走,在头fj!上晌群山巅漫步闲游,把他的m孔隐没存繁星巾间。Inthispoem,“Lovc”iswriUenincapital1etterbytheauthor,butmanytranslatorsne91ectitunconsciouslyforitjssocommonawordthatwhentheyreadittheywillsearchiLintheirmemoryand6ndthecolTespondingwordbelieVe{nof“爱”or“爱情’’immediately.Manyt1'a】1slatorstheirintuitions,concl‘etely,theirperceptionofthiswordwimoutmrtherthinkingovcrit,becaLlsewhentranslatedas“爱”,itc‘1incidentaIIycompneswi出t11csLlb‘iectofthispocm.canInfact,thecaDita!izedLoveinwestel.ncultul_ebeusedtoreferaretotheGodofloveThisCupHwhosewingedform,bowandarrowsmeanin2descended疗omthecommonplaGeanciemGreekmyth.ThereIigionsofno、Vancient(irceceandRomebelong1]01tothedepanmentoftheolog),tobutto小oseofljteratureandtastc.Sbakespeareused上。Dvot()ref色rCupjajnAMias科n2merNig;tf?sDr。enm:HelcllaThingsbaseLovecana1】d、;1c,¨1dingtran叩oset(1110qua嘶tyd迪n“yformandLoveIooksn叭withIhecyes.butwitllthemind;An叭here{i)rc“NorhatllL()Vc’siswiJlgdCupjdpailnedbli】1dmil埘ofanyjudgmellI(asteunheed、hastetoWillgsa11d11。eycs69ureAndtheref(1rcis1.()vesaidBecausemc110icc11eissobeachild.onbe窑ujMAswag呈ishh(咿si11苎aInecheIllselVesfoIs、Vea。S()t11eb‘)yI,oVeispe订u17deVen,w11ereLoveinthispoemalsoc011lainsthisculturalmcaning.Sucllphrasesas“paceuponthemou11Lain~‘h’dhisf如e”inthef0110wingVersesarefurtherproorHowever,most“ansl乱orsneglectthecuImralmeaningofthiswordbecausctheya1'eso11ammarwi也thiswordthattheydirectl)7assignthcmostcommonusedmcanir】g.011已poss沁jljtycapitaljzedwordca工1notbeI.e1110VedthatsometranslatornoticedthisbutpurposcfLljlync91ccteditandaddcdahisownintelprelationi11the”anslation.111racLL11eresponsibj】ityoftfans】ator.atbuilderortheBjble,istobcasf’a{Lhf、uJaspossibletotheorjginal,andhcfp:7nVu、、qhLll“ll、c18(}8二j11‘1、els‘cnglIsh+z110ngxJayc11tillLhes帆ethncto{cavemuchrooInforreaderstothinkandh11agine.Toculturalt】1eicatchesLbe【tcl.inthatistrans】ationHao’sthjsextent.FLlrneaningor【。ove”byrend嘶ngthjsword1iterally.Foranotherexample,武{。:酋,_p要吃,口』JI;甲听似分配,Now片声喝道:“放屁!放屁!”eat,andsoMlmcpriestlongedm【1chlistcningtoj11¨¨1c叭to110wcouldhebeyou。Ⅵll沁窖towilld…PassLhise蚓alⅢ(m?Hebellowedfor【h-“Passy‘)urwind!一ThlssentenceisfromtheChineseclassicalwork爿f?脓n爿”eand口m历已,一.andthetranslatjonis111adebythefamousAmel^jcanwrltertl・anslatoI.Pearl.S.Buck.BLlckcam¨oChinawithherpa1.e11tswhenshewasthTeemonthsold.She1ivcd1nChinaforfbnyyears,soherChineseculturalkno、vledgewascoInparatjvelygood.Butasshewasbroughtupinamissionarv士1alnilyandreceivcda南rnlaleducati011,theslan∥放屁”,whichmeans・‘nonsense,’jn1hjscontext,wasn’tstoredinherschema.MeaJlwhjle,shemustbeveryc()nndcminherknowledgeofChjneseculturewithout士1unherverinc砒ion.It’shappened.nowondermiscomprehension3.3.3LackofContextIntormatl()nFormesDecl矗cationofmcaningoflexemesanduhimatelyot’onsentences,itisnecessar-Vt()drawagreed.Intheprocessofthecontext.Thatmuchisgenerallyappropriatemeaning,theimmediatenotspecii、yingcontexLoftheunderspeciijedvcl.bhasprovidedsomebuttounderstandtoalltheini、ormationnecessaryforthetranslatorsomewavjnorderorthemeaning.SothewldercontextcourseotherthetranslatorwillhaveappealThistotospecj哆approprjateofunderstanding.meaning.ofraisestheofthereadytodifHculticsOnccthetransIatorisn’ta、Vallenecessitvof100kin譬forthewidecontext,miscomprehenslonlstakeD1acc1110sI1hingspursuedhjsornenfoIt11c11appiness()fpLIblicorp“Vatclifc.oru。uewitorIi)H)havere矗ncd.t11a1lhcjseldoInsubsi吼butin1dea:afriend.asogoodmarriage.aperfect“)m1(汀g()Vc九lmcnt,、viLhsomeothel's,】equiremanynlglcdjents.sogoodi11thcirsevcralkinds,andsomLIchnlcenessinm确n苎tilenl…(JonathanSwmlVersioll:小管是聪明还足愚蠢,人化为了公私生活}向幸福而奋力以水的大多数事情,都被我们弄得卜分贝妙,以至只能存在于理念之中。真正得朋友呀,荚满得婚娴呀.完善得政府形式呀,以及别的什么,都要求如此多的要素,而且各有各的妙处,调配起j:又须如此糙当……“7“GoVe】.J1ment”hasscVeralmeal]ings:①【u】agoVerning;powertogoVenl②【C]bodyoneofpersonsgovcrningState,amongwhichthesecondis1_110reusualthanthenrslone.T1]csccondmeaningiswidelvusedtousandisf矗111jIiara11.Thetranslat01.aLltomaticallvsearchedthesecondasmeaningi11hismenlory、vhcnl’cadingit.ActuaHyt11atno10ngaswenoticeanicleisplacedbef011ct11iswoI.d,wecaninferthat‘‘govemment’’herecannotbeassignedthesecondmealling.Miscolnprehensionis11kelyt()takcplacewhen廿1eplayacontextdoesn’tstrongr01efbrthcLranslal【)1’tomakeacorrcctdecisionInsuchsentenceas“ThenewprinciplehasnopreviousexperienceofschoolgoVelllmellt.”thesemanticmeallillgof“experiencc”and“scll001’‘canofllerclLlcsforthetranslat01‘t()chooscthe打rStmeanin立andtranslate“governmel∥mo“管理”.3.4MiscomprchensioninSyntllcsis枷鲁伍.(、英圈支化读如"垡基师范兀学上.收一1109‘.hjTheneccssityofsynthesis|]asbccndiscussedinChapter’I、Wo.AsWilss(2000:858)saidtheL()talityofthemeaningThesynthesizequestionistexttotranslatorneedsa口lallthatisorientedtothebetranslaLcdandexcludesarbitraryassjgnmentofthatmosttranslatorsinusuallvdon’tconsciouslvnegJectjngthetowhathehasrecognizedhisreadingconsiderationofemotion,stylcandtimctraitsoftheori2inalw01.kduetheinflLlenceofminimaxp1.{nciplcexistingmthem.Therefl01'ctheyarelikejytol_11echanicaIIyassignlneallill坚¨aJlslationasa11TheofPresidenLtoAbra}1amLincoln’sGPm坷6甜埋彳渤℃ssisusedex锄11pleillustratethemiscomprehensioninthesynthesissta2e。.卜ou。s。{)r。andseVenycarsag‘',()Li【-fathe【shroughtforcllLLponthiscontinentanewNation,c()ncejVedincreatedeaualNoW-weareLibert、,a11d①韭出£釜i西tothepropomionfhatallmenareengagedinagreat(:jvilWar,testingwhethcrlongthatNatjon、oranvnationsoconcejVedandso②鱼兰鱼i£a!量d,canendure.!a童旦£星m立!Qn旦g£皇坌iasb垫址h量ka遘J2L』鞋丛—幽Wehavccometo③鱼星鱼i£垦l呈aportionorlhaIfieJda五nalresting。placc南fthosewhogaVct11eirljvesthatthatNationiittingandproperthacweshoulddoLmsBLlt.inam蟾htIive.nisaltogetherlargersense.wccannoL④盘鱼i曼旦丝,weIivingcannotconsecrate.wecallllothall【)wt11isgr()und.The。onsecrated1t}araboVebraVeour111en.anddead,w110strugglcd11ere,havenoteno。powertoadd()rdetract.Theworldwilllittlecanncvcrlongremenlberwhalwesayherc.bLILjtusforgetwhattheydid11ereItisfbrthe1iVill昏l'ather,tobe◎鱼星建i£丑!鲤11eresototheunIjnishedworl(w11ichthevwhoratherforusfoughfhereha、,e!l】L15farnob眵埘vanccd.Itistobehere⑥幽j£ol垦旦rot11cFeaLtaskremaillillghcforccauseus—that冉omthesehonorcddead.we111easuretakeincreaseddcV()tiontothatk)1'whichtheygaVethelastfLlllof:俞厶{融,:县冀名甚选读,翻详》,两奠:【Ⅲ立上j砸人学,I;版f】,L989.P!嘶55回thjs‰m.u幽'Ood回讣avet11maJldforlhc№州。回‰o【p甜shfI。mtllccanhdcV。ti()n~t1埘wc沁rehighl)rcsol、cdt11dtt11esedcadnotdjedi11vain.thatJ1cⅥl响‘【]1offr。edom.andtha{g叭7ernmentof0p】。b、thcPe(州e。Ih1s1satamousspecchb、,P】.esidentLinc01n.Itsecmseasytotransfel'becauseofitscommonw011dsandjtswclI—lmownbackground.HoweVel..haseVcryonethoroughlyunderstoodit?Let’sexDounditindetail.Anert11enrstreadiT]g,weshouldputourselves讷Amerjcainthe19thcentury.consideringthetotalityofthetextanditscommunicatjvepurpose.Aspresident,LincolnwastoLopersuadeandencoura2ehispeoplesurecomilluenghtingandeVentuaUywinthewar.Hewastoknown()bodywasn’tafllaidofdeath.Sot】1eemotionofDatriotisInandtheemphasisofdedicaLionaretwokcypointsint11isspeech.Asaresu】t,hesk“1凡11yusedparalleIislntogainthestrongverbalandemotionalefbcts.JhetfansIatoI.Inustmakeclearhowt11cauthorful行flshisc。mmunicativepurposeinsuchashontcxtanclkeepthcsechal.acteristicsinmindtoexcludearbitral了assignmentor111caningFil’st,t11ew011d“dedicate”.usedsixt1111esinsuchwillbeanalyzed.I。incolnisreworkcdh】saashortDassage.n01cd01・ator,soashemusthaveworkedandpefI色ctasspecch,seeki】19t()l柚a】(eiIpossible.Heskillfhllyusedthefamiliarword“dedjcate”toclinchtheDoint.Thesjx“dedicate”aredefinitenotusedequallyhcre.’rhe行rsttwothcarefollowedbvandaohiect“propositjon’’;objectsofthethirdfounhused“dedicaIc”are‘‘neld’’andthelasL1wowiLllthetoexp1'cssstrongesLenlotionareLillcoln’scallfOrpcoplctodcdicatethemselvestothecountrv.Thelasttwo‘‘dedjcate”inthepal’a】Je】st】‘ucturesrepresentthecljmaxoft11eem01jnllBuIintheIollowingtranslatj()11,t11et1’anslatordidnotconsjderthisandtranslaLcdal】“dedjcate”,exccntLhenrsttwo,into“奉献”withoutanychaflge.Espccially,thcsen【cncelasLtwo。‘dedicate””,w11ichisanwerctranslatedinaC11inesepattem‘‘把..evidentproofthaLthetranslatorncglectsthekeypointintranslatingthisspeechistotransfertheelnotion.R7年以前,我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家,它孕育于目“i之中,①雀行一训人生水平等的原|ji|j。脱在,我们fl:从事场伟大㈨~l‘浅,以考验这个围家,或存晚考验任侧个孕育于臼山而②举行上述原则的国家是否能够K久地存在F去=我们在此集会是为了把这个l}戈场n口部分@塞献给他们作为最后:戈息之』行.皿是,从更广泛的意义上束【兑,这块土地我们不能够@奉献,我们不能够圣化,我们不能够神化。倒是我¨这此还活着的人.应泼冉这罩⑤把自量塞然王勇士仃』已经如此崇高地向前推进但尚术完成的_11-、lk。倒是我们应l幺在这里⑩把自己鸯献于仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务Wecanalsof、ndareasimilarmistakeinthetrallslationofthethreeas向d,,s,whicllorusedwitht11esccondandthirdpersonsto士、ormexpressi九gthespeaker’swillatorfutureconditionalstaLelnentintentio一.ForaS“你exampb“Youshallcomeoncc.”actuallyshouldbetransIatedChineseversionoft11e必须马』二到。’’Nevenheless,L11esentencecontaining“shalr’is:我们要在这罩卜定最大的决心,不让这些死者自白牺牲;我们要使国家在上帝福佑下得到自由的新生,要使这个民囱、民治、民享的政府永世长存。“1‘让州‘使”inChinesearenotthewordsexpressingstrongemotion,whichgreatlyreducedL11cstrengthoftheoriginal.’uuo!。1111‘)、,。州Jc/ⅧwP(fL。吖H盯J,)川『fJ『川o…,f川删},£,29f『、^1If呐aⅢ憎JP丌wHJⅢr川{,】995,北京:奇等[¨书馆,。.车凡手’…版¨,P105(】A110thel-questionIiesinthctranslaLionbattle矗eldofthatwar.”丁hcChjnese、吲’sionof“Wearemetonagreatis“我们在这场战争中的一个伟大战场上集会。’’Thel]whyaretheauthol'usedpassjvevoiceand“we”111etb),who?7J‘heanswercannotbcfbundjnthisDassa旺eitselfAsoraquaIinedtl‘anslator,heshouldrefbrtoI。incoIn’sotheraddressessomeothercomments.1t’snothardtonndthatLincoln,whoseIfstudiedtheBiblew11enhewasyoung,likedL()showhisbeljefinGodinhisaddress.Healwa),srcsonedtoGodwhenhewantedanexcuseinDersuadjn2hispeople10ab01ishtheslaverysothathcarecanwinpeopIe’ssupport.Iftheonasentencewerechan2edinto“wemccLinggreatbattle“eIdofthatwa,’,thereligiouscolorandthehiddenpowerwoulddisappeara11t02etherIntermofthis,wecandrawfonhthatimertextualitvisavervimportalltandef佗ctivemethodinsynthesis.“Aw01.1(existsbetweenandamongothertexts,throu曲itsas1’clationtot11em.Tbreadsomethingasliteratureistoconsideritto1i119Lljstjcac、,enlthathas111eallingjnre】ationonothel‘discourses:f’orexamplc,aspIteVlouspoemsol_asapoelnthatplaysonpossjbilitiescreatedbynovclthatputs1hex“area1’csta2eandcriticizesorthepo】iticall’hetoricofitsda)1.‘lpaltlcuIal.toexlstenceaneverLotallvoriginalongiVenauthor.丁11cyalwavsdependenttextsthepriornotonlyofclearlyidcntinable’flhcref'0rebutaIsoofgeneralcondltJons(1』appropriatenesswouId—betransIatorsshouldnotcultiVateisolatedcan’taparticularinteresLi11the】iLe】’aryexperje玎ce.discoverin2butatcxtswh01ebodyofliteI‘矾ure.However,mostIranslatorsconsciouslydothatbecaLlsctheydjdn’tgraspthis111ethodintheirJiteratureclasses.AccordingtoB1.umntandtoCarter(2000:l881,theabilitvIiteral・vtcxLsperceiVcandexploreorela工ionshipsbetweenfhencedeVelopillgunderstandingbedeVc】opedby1.cadingrthcnotionofconvelltionandtraditionlwiIldeljberaLclyassociaLedwitheachothel.f'0rtextsJ【111athanCL1lIer_Lj,ef‘dfll7y7eo,r1:Oxf(1ld.()x10川UP,1997,P34~35pedagogicalpurposes.11exL111aybcljlll(edbyandsti.L1cturalsilnnarity,by【】1elnaLicsubjectmatter,byformalorintentjon,bya11yotherappropriatedevice.C(JnclusionItlswc【lknownthatcomprchensionandexpressioncon吼itute出etransla“onprocessandthel’ewi11benogoodtranslationwithoutcanseeathorou曲comprellcnsionofthe()“ginaltext.However,wefromtheaboveanalysisthatsomeinnate暗cultiesofhumanbeingsmakemiscompl'ehensionintheoryunaVoidable.InpractjcewecanaIsonndalotofexamplesofmiscomprchcnsion.NeVenheless,mepossibmtyofmaking1nistakescanbedecreased.ToachieVethisaim,atranslat()1.s110uld矗rststudythecomprehensionprocess.Whilefbcusingsuchasontheanalys;sofsomepsycho】ogjcalfacunjessensation,perception,thinking,imaginationand1.eference,andasusingsomepsychologlcalconceptsgestalt,schema,andsynthesis,weareshouldbecautiousenoughnottoajgnorethefactthatthesefactorsnotisolatedanddon’thappeninpsych0109yisstillaanlinearo】1der丁extconlprehensjonintoday’s“)areabefbrtherexploredbecausehumancomprehcnsionisVerycomplexphcn0111enon.Inthispaper、veutilizetotheachieVelnentsgainedincognn.、,e11sychologycomprellensionjJ’thetranslatjonpI.ocess.Ananalysisofthetranslators.reasonspromotethestudyofl、ormiscomprehensioniss01nenecessarvforOntheonchand,a1’csubiec“vereasonsreasonsunderlielniscomprehcnsion.Thesepsych()logicaIbecausedifrerentsetspeopJeh3VedjlTbrcntsens01')7o。pcI℃eptualab“ity;andthewaytheiractisnotthesanlefbrtheil_diVcrseleal.11i11苎andlif色experiences.Onthe()小erhand,itissomeobiectivci、actol‘sconcel.nedwiththeeducatjonalsj7stemthatleadlhetranslatorsto111iscomDrehension.Forinstance.theVocabulal.,7acquisitionequationclasslnethodⅥ’jdel)usedintheforeignwordsasIanguage1lstsalwaysnlakcssoul.cctrallslaLorsseeofas“equi、’ajents”betweenthelangLlageandthetargetlanguage,notte】nporarj7,tentatjVe,inco】11pIcteandpotcntialmealling.Ⅵ7haL’smore,aIthoughmostpcopleagreethaLleal’ningaliterarytextshouldbeorsupporledbythej.eadingol、a、viclcrangeofothelln—ol_ks,f-e、vschoolsteac|1ersactua儿yheIptoestablishLhehab“ofwide,seriousreadingintheirstudents.Tra九slatorst1’ainedjnthiswayseldomconsciouslyrelatethetexttobetranslatedwjthotllcr、v()l^ks.Theyalwayshaveconfidcncejnwhatthe,haVeconlprehendcd.FinallMasWilss(2001:2】4)said,“thefunctionthebasisooferroranalvsisisratherantocreate,onrc】11piricalevidence,thepreconditionsfbroptilnalu。anslationteachingand1cal.njngsituaLion.’’I_Ierewiththecananalysisof】niscomprehension.somesn’ategiesattainingoptimalcolllprehcnsion.beproposedfbrStraLegy0ne:weakeningthcforceofofmeaning.setandfocusin2onLhesenseAswehaveseen,iftheproblcmaticSLtextisnotplacedintothetranslator’s如cusofcognniveatlention,士、orthelackofevidenceforthetranslatortomakedecision,miscomprehensionislikelytohappen.Thisismainlyduetothetranslacor’sseLfonnedsentencethroughstereotypedunderstandingofwords,expressionsandsuggested0nasstructures,whichiss01mions,otherhand,thescnsetheontranslators1ackcananawarenessofwittin2lvfocusingdifferentofmealljng.7kxtorbetranslatedinbasjcaiiytwoways:areform—orientedbroughtab()uLsense—oriented.automaticSi笆n.orientedprocesses,translationsbyassociationsearchingfortheTLformswhicllc()rrcspondtotherespectiveSLforms.Insense—translation,thetransIatol'lnakcsexpncitthesenseinherentinthesenseSLtextandthenseparateitf●omtheSLtext.Ont11ebasisofthelhusconstiLuted,thetranslatorsearchesfbradequateTLsi望ns.Inordertodo小is,thetranslatorshouldc011sciouslyremovehisset,rcgardingthestructulleofSLtextasunnxedoncandsearchin2whatsitua“onaIandofsenseocontexLualfhctorsdeteⅢ1inetherangefanSLtext.Strategy‘【\Ⅳ(1:enrichingemo“onalexperience.E1110tionistheakindofaesthetic1|csponsearousedinthethesubjectwhenisobjectmeetssubject’sadcmands.1tspsych0109ica】formemotiona】experience.Sinccemotionalprocessislitcraryworkistheproductoft11cwriter‘sliLcraryt1.ansIation,theexternalization,anincomprehensjonactivityoftheu’anslator’sexperiencingthewrjter’semotion.AccordingLoLiuIⅥiqing,emotionisthemostactiVeandrunssubjectiVepsych0109icalele】nentthatreading.ItisalsoanLhroughthewholeprocessofaesthetictoimernal1Ⅵotjvcpoweraproduceone’sinlagination.toRichemotionisneededbycongenialtotranslatorinregulatinghilnselfbethevariedcharactcl’isticsofdif诧rentaumors01_dif-ferentcorrecttexts,thusgainingcomprchcnsion.StrategyThree:improVingtheteachingoftranslation‘rranslatorsshouldrecejVespccialtrainingintranslatinginadditiontoleamjngtheforeignlmowledgeto1anguage.Thcnotioncanthatan),oneⅥmohasabilingualandcolnpctencebegoodtranslatorismjsgujdedmostofus.BesidesLhetcachingoftecllniques,thetrainmginawarenessisVcryhnportantintheteachingoftransla“onincludingthea、^1arenessofmedyna】11icmeaningorthewordsa11dthei111p011anceofthecontcxt.Asatwilss(2001:185)poilltedout“trallslationproblemscan,one1easttotoa1a哩edegree,beis()】atedi11meirrespectiVecontext;ifLowantseIjminatethemitisneccssarynlustbuildupateachingandlearningsituationw11iclltal(eintoaccoul]tallthecontcxtualf矗ctorsre】evantf【11’TLT1.eproducLion.”AtthesameLimc,theawarenessofthenecessityofimagination,cLllturalconn()Lationsandintenextualityarealsoindjspensablc.1nresearchthjspaper,wehaveexpressedthevieⅥ’thatpsych0109icalcanbeanimp01'tantarcaf01.contemporaryt1.anslatjonstudies.aT11epsycll0109icalelenlelltsjnV()1、7cdn1theprocessoftranslatillgneeddeeperinVcstigationandmoreLhoroughdescription.Thispaperhasattemptedtotnrowllghtbeusepsychoiogy,atheoryc111phasizingtheprocessstudv,Loonthcphenonlcnon()rlniscolllprehension.Muchremainstodonelnlntheexplorationoft|1cpsycllologicalaspectsoftranslation.bot主1theconlprehension1na1]dthecxpressionstages.Withmorenature1nVe8tlgatlonthIsarea,abettel.LIndcrstandingmaybegainedofao【meproblelnsintranslation,whichis1)reconditionf’ortheirsolution.BibliographyBell.RT.乃4日门s/臼,j。门臼"d7j。d,7.F,口ff,797%gD,),以门d尸,。口cr7c。.Beijing:ForejgnLanguage1_eachinga九dI乇eachingPress,2000.Brum行t,C.J.&R.A.Cal+ter,£irP,“nz,℃以订dL口,2{到盘g已7色dc厅i九g.Shanghaj:ShanghajForejgnLanguageEducatjonPress,2000.Carroll.D.wP町,c向o,0彩’∥,J“昭。f昭gBeijing:Foreignl_1.LanguageT色achingandReachingPress.2000.Gleitman1991,)s)?匕厶。ZD毋,。W.W.No九on&company.NewYork.London,Hojenls,J.S.“DescribingLjteraryT1.ansIation:ModelsandMethods’’inHolmes,J.S.et.a1.(eds.).上i,P,w,Ⅳ,℃盯,?d7}w门s妇,面盯j咖Li,(1,‘臼t1’Sfzzdi已s.Lerven:Acco,1978.Ingarden.D七Ⅵ,尸e,点p已“ivPR.丁乃。(沁胛ifio"q厂,乃已L打已r“乃’%r尼Q厂一,一,German:NonllwesternUniversityP1’css.1973.、s就.№.TheAci()fRcc【ding:“The()i,(!fAesthet记Resp。nse。1he’。hnsHopkinsUni、7ersit),Press,l978.BraceCoUe譬epublishers.I998.IⅥatlin,M.Ⅵi(bg“?f,0HHarcoul'LMcMahon,F.B.&‘I.、MDorseyP1。ess,1986.McMahon,P∥√向口/吧?扔P局砌一耐&七Ⅳcg.theTheNida&C.R.11aber.7砑e砌已(),)一(,,7dP,dc,把已。厂护d,"肠rf。,7NethcrIallds.1969.snell-IrI()111bHM.乃口心s肠f7。,7&z,di已s1√,7砌,Pgmfed4甲m日c向ShanghaiShanghaiForeignLangLIagcLdLlc乱ionPress,2001.So】so,RL.(?99一?,Ⅳ已R仇?,7。/(’91’陋打,/7Lne旃,幻,7/.A11yn&Bacon.2001.London/NewYofk:Venuti,功e乃‘口九J,臼,。,‘-加1,如曲Ⅳ』,1-Routledge、L995.LbrscheY.Ⅵ.∞4dns|ntlonPer}()}一m“ncc.’『r。nsIuttonp|.Ocessj傀nd乃1订门_/“,jf,,7&,1口,曙iPs爿,)叼’。nrJ/加g¨括,七砌ve占,喀口,面,7.Guntel・NarrVerIagTiihingell,1991Wnliams.M&R.L.Burden.尸∞儿’矗。,o{∥/白r£“门g“dg已7叠Ⅱc厶已,sCalllbridgeUniVersityPress1997.Wilss,W丁A已ScieneeQ厂乃n门sf口fiD所jPr。6fems日门‘fA始f岛。凼Shanghai:Shall911aiForeignLanguage}_三ducatjonPress,2001.——,“Cbg胛“fV已√#p已F“Q,’,,7c乃日用J,cz,jDHJD,ucgss”inandC11anSin—waiD.E.Pollard(eds.)1995.。l门En(ycf。p口已dj口q厂7≯口"5儿玎i()行.HongKong:TheChineseUniVersit\,I’ress.zwaan,R.A.Aspec括对L“已r“ryJohnc。mprehension:dCognil如eAppmach.BenjaminsB.v.,l993傅仲选:《实用翻译美学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993。桂诗春:《心理语言学》,上海:卜海外语教育出版社,199l。黄龙:《翻译学》,江苏:江苏教育出版社,1988。姜秋霞:《文学翻译中的审美过程:格式塔意象再造》,北京:商务印书馆,2002。刘宓庆:《翻译美学导论》,刘宓庆:《文化翻译论纲》,刘宓庆:《当代翻译理论》,台湾:书林出版有限公司,1995。武汉:湖北教育出版社,1999。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001。刘宓庆:《翻泽与语言哲学》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001。刘宓庆:《翻泽教学:实务与理论》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.2003。马红军:《剥译批评敞论》,北京:中国对外翻译“1版公司,1999。邱明正:《审美心理学》,匕海:复旦大学出版社,1993。腾守尧:《审美心理描述》,成都:四川人民出版社,1998。工更,汪安圣:《认知心理学》,,J匕京::『E京大学出版社,1996。副犬振:《译介学》,上海:l二海外语教育出版社,1999。许钧:“切实加强泽学研究和翻译学科建设”,中国翻译,200l,(1)。许钧:“简论翻译过程的实际体验与理论探索”,中国翻译,2003,(4)。喻云根:《英美名著选读与翻译》,曲安:西安交通大学f乜版社,1989。张必隐:《阅读心理学》,北京:北京师范大学m版社,1992。赵艳芳:《认知语言学概论》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002。Acknt)Ⅵ7Iedgementslam.n1^stofa11,可atefLlltomj,superVisoLProfessorjiangJianson昏f、orhis、val-m—hea九edencoul_a望e111ent,r]atientinstructions,andValuableLhesis,thisintheoflmyw1.itingprocesssuggestionsIalsowishtoexpressmvsillccrcthankstoalltheprof毫ssorsofourdepanmentthree—yearfortheil.enUgmcningandwonderful1ectul.esduringmystudyforthedegrecofMAhere.TheyarePro.HuallgLjaoZhengding,1。iuChaoxian,PcngGuangI’ong.Lastbutnot1east,1wishtoChall自iang,QinYuxiang,andmanka11mosehelpedme,jntoonewayoranother、inLhecompletionofthisthesis,particularlySteVen,myroommatesTanLianxiang,Dcnghlanzhen自un,YanJin,HuangYLleandWen湖南师范大学学位论文原创性声明本人慎重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人存导师的指导下,独j≯进行研究丁作所I陂得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文/{i含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文},|勺研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确的方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。学位沦文作者签名年月日从心理学角度看文学翻译中的误解
作者:
学位授予单位:
王兰
湖南师范大学
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