中国核电行业介绍英文版

中国核电行业介绍英文版

Nuclear Vision Report Project

Report Proposal

2015.5

Contents

1. Purpose of the research .................................................................................................................. 2 2. Plan of this project ........................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 3. Energy Situation in China .............................................................................................................. 2 1) Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2) Nuclear Energy China ................................................................................................................ 4 4. Electricity Production in China ..................................................................................................... 7 5. Nuclear Vision in China ................................................................................................................. 8 6. Strategies for China’s nuclear power development ...................................... 错误!未定义书签。 1) Reduce the cost of nuclear power generation and enhance its market competitiveness.错误!未定义书签。

2) Accelerate a cleaner process of nuclear technology. ................................. 错误!未定义书签。 3) Accelerate a more efficient process of reactor and nuclear fuel cycle development.错误!未定义书签。

4) Conduct effective publicity work to upload public acceptance................ 错误!未定义书签。 7. Potential cooperation between Korea and China .......................................... 错误!未定义书签。 1) Regular communication .............................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。 2) Radiation protection .................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 3) Training engineers together ........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 4) Exchange experience of nuclear reactor operation ................................... 错误!未定义书签。 8. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Reference: .............................................................................................................................................. 10

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With rapid economic development, China faces a great challenge to meet its increasing energy demand.

Currently, China’s energy supply is dominated by coal consumption, while natural gas and oil are in

relative short supply. At the same time, nuclear energy is a relatively clean energy without green-house

gas emissions. Considering the growing cost of fossil energy and the limited resources in China, oil supply security, coal mining disasters, the domestic environment pressure, and global climate warming, nuclear energy is an inevitable strategic option, for now and the future.

1. Purpose of the research

In this project, energy situation in China, especially on the nuclear energy, will be analyzed. The economic growth and energy demands based on the present circumstances in China will be considered in the analysis. Related problems in Chinese nuclear industry will also be described, followed by some strategies for the problems. Besides, potential cooperation between South Korea and China will be discussed.

2. Energy Situation in China

1) Overview

China is the world's most populous country (1.36 billion people in 2013) and has a rapidly growing economy, which has driven the country's high overall energy demand and the quest for securing energy resources.1

China became the largest global energy consumer in 2011 and is the world's second-largest oil consumer behind the United States. The country was a net oil exporter until the early 1990s and became the world's second-largest net importer of crude oil and petroleum products in 2009. China's oil consumption growth accounted for about 43% of the world's oil consumption growth in 2014.

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Fig.3-1 Total primary energy consumption in China by fuel type, 2012

Natural gas use in China has also increased rapidly over the past decade, and China has sought to raise natural gas imports via pipeline and as liquefied natural gas (LNG). China is the world's top coal producer, consumer, and importer and accounts for almost half of global coal consumption, an important factor in world energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. China's rising coal production is the key driver behind the country becoming the world's largest energy producer in 2009. China's sizeable industrialization and swiftly modernizing economy helped the country became the world's largest power generator in 2011.

Coal supplied the majority (nearly 66%) of China's total energy consumption in 2012. The second-largest source was petroleum and other liquids, accounting for nearly 20% of the country's total energy consumption. Although China has made an effort to diversify its energy supplies, hydroelectric sources (8%), natural gas (5%), nuclear power (nearly 1%), and other renewables (more than 1%) accounted for relatively small shares of China's energy consumption. The Chinese government plans to cap coal use to 62% of total primary energy consumption by 2020 in an effort to reduce heavy air pollution that has afflicted certain areas of the country in recent years. China's National Energy Agency claims that coal use dropped to 64.2% of energy consumption in 2014.2 The Chinese government set a target to raise non-fossil fuel energy consumption to 15% of the energy mix by 2020 and to 20% by 2030 in an effort to ease the country's dependence on coal. In addition, China is currently increasing its use of natural gas to replace some coal and oil as a cleaner burning fossil fuel and plans to use natural gas for 10% of its energy consumption by 2020.3 Even though absolute coal consumption is expected to increase over the long term as total energy consumption rises, higher energy efficiency and China's goal to increase environmental sustainability are likely to lead to a decrease in coal's share.

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2) Nuclear Energy China

Due to increasing concerns about air quality, climate change and fossil fuel shortages, nuclear power has been looked into as an alternative to coal power in China. As of September 2014, Mainland China has 26 nuclear power reactors in operation, 24 under construction, and more about to start construction. Additional reactors are planned, providing 58 GWe of capacity by 2020. China's National Development and Reform Commission has indicated the intention to raise the percentage of China's electricity produced by nuclear power from the current 2% to 6% by 2020.4

Fig.3-2 Sites of nuclear power plants in China

Table 3-1: Operating nuclear reactors (2015.4)

Units Province Net capacity (each) 944 MWe 298 MWe 610 MWe 620 MWe 678 MWe 1020 MWe 938 MWe Type French M310 CNP-300 CNP-600 CNP-600 Candu 6 PHWR CPR-1000 (M310+) French M310 4

Operator CGN CNNC CNNC CNNC CNNC CNNC CGN Commercial operation 1994 April 1994 2002, 2004 2010, 2012 2002, 2003 Dec 2014, (Feb 2015) 2002, 2003 Daya Bay 1&2 Guangdong Qinshan Phase I Zhejiang Qinshan Phase II, Zhejiang 1&2 Qinshan Phase II, Zhejiang 3&4 Qinshan Phase III, Zhejiang 1&2 Fangjiashan 1&2 Zhejiang Ling Ao Phase I, Guangdong

1&2 Ling Ao Phase II, 1&2 Tianwan 1&2 Ningde 1-3 Hongyanhe 1-3 Yangjiang 1&2 Fuqing 1 Total: 26 Guangdong Jiangsu Fujian Liaoning Guangdong Fujian 1026 MWe 990 MWe 1020 MWe 1024 MWe 1021 MWe 1020 MWe 23,144 MWe CPR-1000 (M310) VVER-1000 CPR-1000 CPR-1000 CPR-1000 CPR-1000 (M310+) CGN CNNC CGN & Datang CGN & CPI CGN CNNC & Huadian Sept 2010, Aug 2011 2007, 2007 April 2013, May 2014, (mid-2015) June 2013, May 2014, (mid-2015) March 2014, (mid-2015) Nov 2014 Table 3-2: Nuclear reactors under construction and planned in China (2015.4)

Plant Hongyanhe unit 4 Ningde unit 4 Fuqing unit 2 Yangjiang 3&4 Sanmen units 1&2 Haiyang units 1&2 Taishan units 1&2 Shandong Shidaowan Fangchenggang units 1&2 Changjiang units 1&2 Fuqing units 3&4 Tianwan units 3&4 Yangjiang units 5&6 Hongyanhe units 5&6 Shidaowan units 1&2 Fuqing units 5&6 Fangchenggang units 3&4 Ningde units 5&6 Xudabao/Xudapu units 1&2 Sanmen units 3&4 Haiyang units 3&4 Lufeng (Shanwei) units 1&2 Fangchenggang units 5&6 Bailong units 1&2 Province Liaoning Fujian Fujian Guangdong Zhejiang Shandong Guangdong Shandong Guangxi Hainan Fujian Jiangsu Guangdong Liaoning Shandong Fujian Guangxi Fujian Liaoning Zhejiang Shandong Guangdong Guangxi Guangxi MWe gross 1119 1089 1087 2x1089 2x1250 2x1250 2x1750 210 2x1080 2x650 2x1080 2x1060 2x1080 2x1080 2x1400 2x1150 2x1150 2x1150 2x1250 2x1250 2x1250 2x1250 2x1250 2x1250 Reactor model CPR-1000 CPR-1000 CPR-1000 (M310+) CPR-1000+ AP1000 AP1000 EPR HTR-PM CPR-1000 CNP-600 CPR-1000 (M310+) VVER-1000 V-428M ACPR1000 ACPR1000 CAP1400 Hualong 1 Hualong 1 Hualong 1 AP1000 AP1000 AP1000 AP1000 AP1000 AP1000 Project control CGN, with CPI CGN, with Datang CNNC, with Huadian CGN CNNC CPI CGN Huaneng CGN CNNC & Huaneng CNNC & Huadian CNNC CGN CGN, with CPI SNPTC & Huaneng CNNC & Huadian CGN CGN & Datang CNNC, Datang CNNC CPI CGN CGN CPI Construction start 8/09 9/10 6/09 11/10, 11/12 3/09, 12/09 9/09, 6/10 10/09, 4/10 12/12 7/10, 2011 4/10, 11/10 12/10, 11/12 12/12, 9/13 9/13, 12/13 3/15, 2016* 5/15, 8/2015 5/15, 2015* late 2015* 2015-17* 2015-16* 2015-16* 2015-16* 2015-16* 2015-17 2015-17 Operation late 2015 early 2016 2015 2015, 2017 2016, 2017 12/2015, 3/16 late 2016, 2017 2017 3/2015, 2016 2015, 12/2015 late 2015, 2017 2/2016, 3/2017 2018, 2019 11/2019, 8/2020 12/2019, 2020 2019, 2020 2019, 2020 2019, 2020 5

Huizhou units 1&2 Putian, Zhangzhou units 1&2 Tianwan units 5&6 Taishan units 3&4 Changjiang units 3&4 Zhangzhou units 1-4 Sanming units 1&2 Taohuajiang units 1-4 Pengze units 1&2 Xianning (Dafan) units 1&2 Guangdong Fujian Jiangsu Guangdong Hainan Fujian Fujian Hunan (inland) Jiangxi (inland) Hubei (inland) Under construction 2x1250 2x100 2x1080 2x1750 2x650 4x1250 2x880 4x1250 2x1250 2x1250 1x1119 3x1089 1x1087 1x210 4x1250 1x1150 2x1750 7x1080 2x650 2x1060 =26,313 3x1080 5x1150 26x1250 2x1750 2x1400 2x880 2x650 2x100 =51,050 26,313 51,050 AP1000 ACP100 ACPR1000 EPR CNP-650 or ACP-600 AP1000 BN-800? AP1000 AP1000 AP1000 CGN CNNC & Guodian CNNC CGN CNNC & Huaneng Guodian & CNNC CNNC CNNC CPI CGN 2015-18 2015 2016-17 2015-18 2015-18 2016 ? 2016 -18* 2016-17* 2016-17* 2017 2025? Planned: Total: 68 24 Under construction 36 + 8 Planned 6

3. Electricity Production in China

China is the world's largest power generator, surpassing the United States in 2011. Net power generation was an estimated 5,126 TWh in 2013, up 7.5% from 2012, according to EIA estimates. Electricity generation has more than doubled since 2005, although power generation, which is mostly driven by economic and industrial demand, decelerated after the global financial recession in 2008 and 2009 and, again, starting in 2012. The industrial sector currently accounts for almost three-quarters of China's electricity consumption.5 Annual growth in electricity generation was a decade-low 4% in 2014, according to preliminary data from NBS. This deceleration was mainly a result of significant slowdown of activity in heavy industries, especially the steel industry, as well as weather.6

China plans to rely on more electric generation from nuclear, renewable sources, and natural gas to replace some coal, with the goal of reducing carbon emissions and the heavy air pollution in urban areas. China's installed electricity generating capacity was an estimated 1,260 gigawatts (GW) at the beginning of 2014. China's capacity rose by almost 90 GW from a year earlier and doubled from 630 GW in 2006. As China's generating capacity expanded over the past several years in response to its economic development, the country's capacity grew to be the highest in the world. Installed capacity is expected to grow over the next decade to meet rising demand, particularly in large urban areas in the eastern and southern regions of the country. EIA projects installed capacity will double to 2,265 GW by 2040, propelled by a combination of capacity from coal, nuclear, and renewable sources.7 Fossil fuel-fired power capacity has historically made up about three-fourths of installed capacity, and coal continued to dominate the electricity mix with 63% of total capacity in 2013. However, non-fossil fuels have been increasing their portion of installed capacity over the past few years.

Fig 4-1 China’s installed electricity capacity share by fuel, 2013

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4. Nuclear Vision in China

Although nuclear generation is a small portion of the country's total power generation portfolio, China is actively promoting nuclear power as a clean, efficient, and reliable source of electricity generation. China generated 106 TWh of nuclear power in 2013, making up only 2% of total net generation. However, the country rapidly expanded its nuclear capacity in the past few years, which will likely boost nuclear generation in the next few years. China's net installed nuclear capacity was more than 23 GW as of April 2015 after the country added ten reactors with more than 10 GW since the beginning of 2013.8 All of China's nuclear plants are located along the east coast and southern parts of the country, but China plans to assess the construction of inland facilities, according to its latest energy strategy plan. By April 2015, Chinese companies were constructing an additional 23 GW of capacity, more than one-third of the global nuclear power capacity currently being built. These plants are slated to become operational by 2019 and roughly double China's current capacity.8 Several more facilities are in various stages of planning.

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5. Conclusion

China became the largest global energy consumer in 2011. China has high overall energy demand and the quest for securing energy resources. Due to increasing concerns about air quality, climate change and fossil fuel shortages, nuclear power has been looked into as an alternative to coal power in China. Although nuclear generation is a small portion of the country's total power generation portfolio, China is actively promoting nuclear power as a clean, efficient, and reliable source of electricity generation. Now, China has some problems about the development of nuclear industry. And in many aspects, China should learn from and cooperate with South Korea.

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Reference:

[1] World Bank Data, Population (April 2015).

[2] Facts Global Energy, China Oil & Gas Monthly, January 2015.

[3] World Nuclear News, \"China plans for nuclear growth\Monthly, \"Issues Focus—China Unveils Energy Targets by 2020\[4] Wikipedia, Nuclear power in China.

[5] FGE, \"China's Power Sector Developments: An Update\[6] National Bureau of Statistics of China, \"Statistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2014 National Economic and Social Development\

[7] Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2013.

[8] International Atomic Energy Agency, Power Reactor Information System, Country Statistics, China, April 2015.

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